4638
journal of materials research and technology 2022;20:4630 e 4658
Table 4 e Chemical composition of wood and non-wood biomass. Group Raw material
Cellulose
Lignin
References
Wood
Spruce wood
45.4 49.5
28.2 27.5
[72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [73] [73] [77] [68] [72]
Pinewood
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn.
49.67 40 e 44 40 e 44 28.83
19.14 25 e 32 18 e 25 21.35
Softwood Hardwood
Straw
Rapeseed straw
Wheat straw
39.3 36.7
20.7 21.6 15.3
White mustard straw
Stalk
Rapeseed stalk Tomato stalk Sunflower stalk
43.11
12.29
40.9 30.9 38.6 45.9
21.6 16.3 21.4 17.2 25.4
Topinambour stalk
Cup-plant stalk Sorghum stalk
[78]
Chili stalk
Bagasse
sweet sorghum bagasse
34.78
23.02
[79]
sugarcane bagasse
35.2
22.2
[80,81]
Seed/fruit
Coffee husk Coffee hull
19 e 26 40 e 49
18 e 30 33 e 35
Hazelnut husk Cotton carpel
34.5 31.2 29.5 66.2
35.1 20.5 40.1 4.28
[82]
Macadamia shells Pineapple leaves
Leaf
[83] [74] [84] [85]
Grass
Perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.)
29.21
28.85 17.03
Vetiver grass
Petung bamboo ( Dendrocalamus asper ) Wulung bamboo ( Gigantochloa atroviolacea )
43.41 45.19 42.38
24
24.16 22.71
Apus bamboo ( Gigantochloa apus )
Palm
Oil palm trunk Oil palm frond
39.4
6.64 8.96
[86]
54.35 37.82
Empty fruit bunch
12.16
dimensional stability and MOE than PF and pMDI-bonded sweet sorghum bagasse but lower MOR and IB [79,114]. As shown in Table 6, at the same density level and resin content, citric acid-bonded sugarcane bagasse particleboard had
inferior MOR and MOE values than citric acid-bonded sweet sorghum bagasse particleboard. However, the IB strength and dimensional stability of the sugarcane bagasse particleboard were better [79,115].
4.4.
Hull-, husk- and shell-based particleboard
Hull refers to the outer covering of a fruit or seed, while husk refers to the dry, leafy or stringy exterior of certain vegetables or fruits, which must be removed before eating the meat in- side. Sunflower seed husk and the hull are suitable materials for particleboard manufacturing as they have similar chemi- cal compositions to wood [65]. The husks of sunflower seeds make up to 21 e 30% of their total weight; therefore, a huge amount of residues are often generated during sunflower oil extraction [116]. Gertjejansen et al. [117] investigated the performance of particleboard made from 100% sunflower hulls. They reported that the resultant particleboard had surpassed the minimum requirements for MOR and MOE as stated in Commercial Standard (CS) 236-66 [118]. Neverthe- less, the IB strength was inferior and adding 50% aspen flakes was required to improve the IB strength. Cosereanu et al. [65] investigated the effects of particle size and geometry on the performance of particleboard made from sunflower seed husks. Two particle sizes were used, namely coarse (2 e 3mm) and fine particles (0.5 e 1 mm). Single-layer particleboard made from fine particles has a higher density and performs better in terms of WA, TS, MOR, and IB than its coarse particle
Fig. 8 e The surface appearance of straw-based particleboard (own photo).
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