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journal of materials research and technology 2022;20:4630 e 4658
Table 7 e Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard manufactured from selected hulls, husks, and shells. Raw Materials Adhesive type Adhesive (%) Density (kg/m 3 ) MOR (MPa) MOE (MPa) IB (MPa) TS, 24h (%) WA, 24h (%) References
10/8 *
Hazelnut husk
UF
700 700 700 600 600 600 800 682 555 505 591 706 796 503 605 697 794 700 700 987
11.9 N/A 0.505 10.1 N/A 0.39
19.6 29.3 16.2 22.1 24.6 18.9
43.5 47.7 44.5 64.2 73.7 55.2
[82]
MUF
10/8 10/8 10/8 10/8 10/8
PF UF
12
N/A 0.482
8.18 N/A 0.349
MUF
7.7
N/A 0.336
PF
8.49 N/A 0.343
Ricehusk
soybean protein
10 16
8.3
1875
0.23 0.24 0.18 0.16 0.22
43.58
88.67
[119]
Sunflower seed husk UF
5.82 1703 5.33 1645
10.2
55.4 53.4
[65]
16/14
9.2
Peanut hull
UF
10/8 10/8 10/8 10/8 11/9 11/9 11/9 11/9 11/9 11/9
2.9
571
12.34 14.01 16.65 25.71 11.83 13.09 15.34 21.02
94.88 79.17 68.45 77.57 97.85 83.81 67.85 70.43
[120]
5.24 732 8.54 1190 10.4 1485 3.12 654 5.94 814
0.3 0.4
0.17 0.24 0.32 0.41
9.9
1274
12.14 1719
walnut shell almond shell
UF UF
6.63 1208.9 0.26
~7
~20 ~45 10.5
[39]
~9 4.3
~1400 ~0.35
~11
macadamia shell
castor oil resin
20
380
1.33
2.7
[121]
Note: * adhesive level (%) on surface layer/core layer.
presented in Table 8. At 4% MDI content, even at a lower density level, leave-based particleboard had higher strength properties than its 8% UF-bonded counterparts. MDI-bonded sycamore ( Platanus orientalis ) leaves particleboard was pro- duced by Aghakhani et al. [132]. The particleboard was re- ported to have achieved desired properties for partition, wall, and ceiling paneling applications. Board density and pressing time is the most influential factors in the physical and me- chanical properties of the particleboard, while the effect of pressing temperature is less significant. Higher density and longer pressing time produced particleboard with higher mechanical properties and dimensional stability. Wood par- ticles could be added to improve the performance of sycamore leaves particleboard. Pirayesh et al. [133] reported that the combination of 20% sycamore leaves and industrial wood
particles resulted in particleboard with increased MOR, MOE, and IB values.
4.6.
Grass-based particleboard
From the literature, grass-based particleboard is relatively scarce. There are only five grasses identified to be converted into particleboard by several researchers, namely Perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L.), Reed canary grass ( Phalaris arun- dinacea ), Jose tall wheatgrass ( Agropyron elongatum ), Vetiver grass ( Chrysopogon zizanioides ), and bamboo. Perennial ryegrass, also called English ryegrass, winter ryegrass, or ray grass, is an important pasture and forage plant cultivated worldwide. Reed canary grass is a tall, perennial bunchgrass that mainly grows as ornamental plants. It is regarded as an
Fig. 11 e Hazelnut (left) and walnut shell (right) particleboard (Barbu et al. [50], open access).
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