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information about their fire characteristics and reaction to fire. The combustion of wood-based panels such as particle- board, widely used in the building sector, is a major problem due to the recent stringent fire safety regulations [28,197]. Some studies have been carried out to investigate the reaction to fire of wood-based composites made from agricultural biomass [198 e 201], but publications focused on this problem are still rather limited. It will be an interesting field to explore in the future.
Human and animal rights and informed consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or ani- mal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Lee Seng Hua reports administrative support was provided by Putra Malaysia University. Lee Seng Hua reports a relationship with Putra Malaysia University that includes: non-financial support. Lee Seng Hua has patent None pending to None.
9.
Conclusions
In many cases, particleboards manufactured from alternative raw materials exhibit similar or even better mechanical properties than conventional wood-based particleboards. Hence, boards made from agricultural biomass and recycled wood waste could ensure sustainable development, which features three key elements: economic growth, social inclu- sion and environmental protection. Furthermore, the pres- sure on other forest-based resources can be significantly reduced, and additional employment opportunities can be created. The changes in the current raw material structure in particleboard technology, via the applications of alternative raw materials, will positively impact the continued growth dynamics of wood-based particleboard production. Com- plementing the shortage of wood raw materials by intro- ducing agricultural biomass and recycled wood as alternative raw materials can ensure the continuity of panel production in a more economically viable and environmentally friendly manner.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the library of their respective Universities for providing free access to the literature.
references
[1] Group I. Particle board market: global industry trends, share, size, growth, opportunity and forecast 2021 e 2026. https://www.imarcgroup.com/particle-board-market. [Accessed 13 January 2022]. [2] FAOSTAT. Forestry production and trade, 2021. Available online: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO. [Accessed 16 January 2022]. [3] Odozi T, Akaranta O, Ejike P. Particle boards from agricultural wastes. Agric Wastes 1986;16:237 e 40. [4] Pe˛dzik M, Janiszewska D, Rogozi nski T. Alternative lignocellulosic raw materials in particleboard production: a review. Ind Crop Prod 2021;174:114162. [5] Eastin I, Brose I, Novoselov I. Wood-based panel markets, 2011 e 2012. In: UNECE/FAO forest products annual market review. 1; 2012. p. 67 e 77. [6] Klimek P, Wimmer R. Alternative raw materials for bio- based composites. Alternative raw materials for bio- based composites. In: Proceedings of international conference “ wood science and engineering in the third millennium ” e ICWSE 2017; 2 e 4 November 2017. Brasov, Romania. [7] De Araujo VA, Vasconcelos JS, Morales EAM, Savi AF, Hindman DP, O ' Brien MJ, et al. Difficulties of wooden housing production sector in Brazil. Wood Mater Sci Eng 2020;15(2):87 e 96. [8] Lee S, Ashaari Z, Lum W, Ang A, Abdul Halip J, Halis R. Chemical, physico-mechanical properties and biological durability of rubberwood particleboards after post heat- treatment in palm oil. Holzforschung 2018;72:159 e 67. [9] Lee SH, Ashaari Z, Lum W, H ' ng PS, Tan LP, Chow MJ, et al. Properties of particleboard with oil palm trunk as core layer in comparison to three-layer rubberwood particleboard. J Oil Palm Res 2015;27:67 e 74. [10] Huaxu Z, Hua LS, Tahir PM, Ashaari Z, Al-Edrus SSO, Ibrahim NA, et al. Physico-mechanical and biological durability of citric acid-bonded rubberwood particleboard. Polymers 2020;13(1):98. [11] Hidayat W, Aprilliana N, Asmara S, Bakri S, Hidayati S, Banuwa IS, et al. Performance of eco-friendly particleboard
Funding
This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS 2018-1), Reference code: FRGS/1/2018/WAB07/ UPM/1, and Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) (UPM/INTROP/100-13/9/3/6369113/H), provided by the Minis- try of Higher Education, Malaysia. This research was also supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-18-0378, APVV-19-0269, APVV-20- 0004, and SK-CZ-RD-21-0100, also by the Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic (grant number VEGA 1/0714/21) and by Project No. H И C- Б -1145/04.2021 “ Development, Prop- erties, and Application of Eco-Friendly Wood-Based Compos- ites ” , carried out at the University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria. The authors also thank the Deputy for Strengthening Research and Development, Ministry of Research and Tech- nology in the National Competitive Research grant with the title “ The Characteristics of Fire-Resistant Wood Panel Com- posite Based Home Components ” Fiscal Year 2021 (Grant number: 95/UN5.2.3.1/PPM/KP-DRPM/2021).
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available on request.
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