Z. Liu, M. Hughes, Y. Tong et al.
Energy 239 (2022) 121925
Fig. 10. SEM images of new biochar catalysts.
fi nancial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to in fl uence the work reported in this paper.
from 8400 kJ to 7700 kJ, from reuse cycle 1 to cycle 5 when using p- sludge biochar). P-sludge-derived biochar is a cost-effective cata- lyst to improve energy recovery in the wastewater industry. The used p-sludge biochar can be used as a soil amendment. However, due to the change in microstructure after being reused several times, the bene fi ts of used p-sludge biochar for agricultural appli- cation needs to be further investigated.
Acknowledgements
Laboratory assistance from John Kissel, Mark Wendtland, Hui Liu, and Erik Anderson is greatly appreciated. We are also grateful to Dr. Robert Brown and Dr. Patrick Johnston of the Iowa State University Bioeconomy Institute for providing GC-MS and GC-FID bio-oil analyses. The authors acknowledge the use of the ther- mogravimetric analyzer from Marquette University, funded by the
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
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