www.nature.com/scientificreports/
Figure 4. FTIR spectra of BFs, EBFs, and CNFs.
Figure 5. XRD patterns of BFs, EBFs, and CNFs.
Tensile indices (N m/g) Longitudinal Transverse
Basis weight (g/m 2 ) Thickness (mm) Density (g/cm 3 )
Kit number Cobb (g/m 2 ) Contact angles (°)
110 ± 5
0.126 ± 0.004 0.87 ± 0.02
60.73 ± 0.29 34.74 ± 0.36 0
17.75 ± 0.41 95.21
Table 2. Physical properties of base paper.
Ǥ Table 2 shows the physical properties of the base paper. The Kit num- ber of paper was 0, the Cobb value was 17.75 g/m 2 , and the contact angle was 95.21°, which show that the base paper had excellent hydrophobic properties, but had no oleophobic properties. Table 3 showed that the viscosity of the PVA/CNF coating was 2032 ± 37 cP, which was 103.61% higher than of the PVA coating. Therefore, the CNF increased the viscosity of coating, which was consistent with the research results of Malucelli et al. 50 . The abundant hydroxyl groups on the CNF surface, which would absorb water and swell in water, thus increasing the internal friction of the coating when it flows. In addition, the formation of stronger hydrogen bond networks between PVA and CNF hydroxyl groups was also one of the reasons why the viscosity of PVA/CNF coating was significantly higher than that of PVA coating 51 . Ǥ Figure 6 shows that the grease resistance grade of base paper was 0, which does not have grease resistance performance. The effect of CNF dosage on grease resistance of paper is shown in Fig. 7. When the coating weight was 2.0 g/m 2 , the grease resistance grade of PVA coated paper was 7. The grease resist-
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