R. V. Gadhave et al.
Nanoclays [23] being studied frequently. Antimicrobial paper [24], microfluidic paper devices [25], bioactive papers for drug delivery [26], flame-retardant pa- pers, and self-healing characteristics for cotton fabric [27] are only a few of the fascinating functions achieved by using nanoparticles. 4. Bio-Polymers for Paper Coatings 4.1. Polylactic Acid Paper is a biodegradable and hence ecologically beneficial material commonly utilized in packaging applications. The use of hydrocarbon derivatives as the coating, such as polyethylene, waxes, and fluor-derivatives, frequently regulates papers’ barrier resistance and wettability. Because of this coated layer, protective paper packaging loses its biodegradability and recyclability. Because of their poor recyclability and non-biodegradability, petroleum-based polymers account for most world trash. As an alternative, organically renewable biopolymers can be used as barrier coatings over paper packaging materials. Polylactide (PLA) is among the most promising polymers due to its bio-compatibility, bio-degradability, and ability to produce bio-based feedstocks [28]. 4.2. Itaconic Acid It was suggested that polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Itaconic acid (IA)/acrylamide (AM) might generate a hydrophobic protective coating with a spatial structural framework on the paper’s surface, increasing the count of hydrogen bonds amongst the copolymer and the fiber. Further, when coated on the paper’s sur- face, the copolymer exhibited a superior film feature and a decreased penetration capacity through the paper compared to PVA. The strength of the paper reduces as the number of recycled paper increases. Surface scaling was widely recognized as the most efficient approach for improving the surface strength and hydro- phobicity of paper and board [29] [30] [31] [32]. Starch and its derivatives were employed in the paper business for many years. Because of its low cost and ubiquitous availability, starch has indeed been recognized as among the most acceptable renewable biopolymer materials. Enzyme-modified starch, for exam- ple, is often employed to improve the interfacial strength of paper. Excess starch, on the other hand, may increase chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) during the effluent treatment process of the paper in- dustry [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]. PVA was created as a biodegradable material by polymerizing vinyl acetate monomer. This provided the paper with large interfa- cial strength, low ink uptake, and exceptional film-forming capabilities. Nonethe- less, the water-resistance of the bio-based PVA film had been lower than that of petroleum-derived polymers such as polyamide epoxy epichlorohydrin (PAE) [38] [39] [40] [41]. Meanwhile, PVA may easily infiltrate the inside of the paper. As a result, it limited PVA used in paper production. As a result, the weakness of PVA should be accounted for this through grafting with some other synthetic biodegradable
DOI: 10.4236/gsc.2022.122002
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Green and Sustainable Chemistry
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