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W. Ingwersen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 131 (2016) 509 e 522
Table 1 Characteristics of Bounty ® lines selected for case study.
Aspect
Albany facility/Line A
Box Elder facility/Line B
Line Technology
Older traditional platform
Newest state-of-the-art platform
Primary Fuel & Energy Sources
Natural gas, biomass, grid electricity
Natural gas, grid electricity
Comparative Facility Size
Large
Small
Facility Age
> 30 years old
< 10 years old
Primary Emission
BACT combustion, Separators & scrubbers, Wet ESP, Bag & Drum fi ltration
Low-NO x combustion, Separators & scrubbers, Drum fi ltration
Control Technology
BACT ¼ Best Available Control Technology; ESP ¼ Electrostatic Precipitator; NO x ¼ nitrogen oxides.
Fig. 2. IPSA four-step analysis method from Sengupta et al. (2015a).
impacts (Boguski, 2010; Ingwersen et al., 2012) in this sector. Known regional differences in electricity-related impacts are in fl uential (Mutel et al., 2011). For pulp production overseas, comparable inventories based on national mixes were developed. When the region for a supply chain was unknown, the US average electricity production model was used. For developing fuel-speci fi c electricity processes (e.g., electricity from coal), electricity unit processes were aggregated by fuel source from Ecoinvent 2.2 data, maintained their inputs, and replaced the emissions associated with combustion for electricity production with fuel source-speci fi c emission factors based on US electricity. Fuel-source speci fi c emissions factors for three GHGs (CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O) and the criteria air pollutants (CO, NO x , PM 2.5 , PM 10 , SO x ,
InStep4, fl ows are assigned to speci fi c papermaking or converting lines. Finally, fl ow amounts assigned to each component of the system including those for the line pair, the line pairs use of ancillary equipment, and the non-process activities are aggregated and divided across the total mass of product of interest produced by the line pair. 2.1.3. Fuels and electricity for paper towel facilities For modeling electricity production for the US-based facilities for pulp and paper towel production, new LCI was developed for US eGRID (multi-state) regions (Lee et al., 2015). There is relatively high-energy demand for pulp and paper production (EPA, 2010), and electricity production is a potentially signi fi cant source of
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