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W. Ingwersen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 131 (2016) 509 e 522
Fig. 5. Comparison of contributors to (A) fossil fuel depletion (kg oil-eq), (B) climate change (kg CO 2 -eq), (C) agricultural land occupation (m 3 of water). Contributions are presented by process and further broken down by key life cycle stage components. ‘ Electricity ’ represents electricity for Bounty production; ‘ Fuel ’ is fuel for Bounty production; ‘ Pulp ’ is pulp production; ‘ Distribution ’ is distribution of Bounty to retailers; and ‘ disposal ’ is disposal of Bounty by the consumer. For these latter two stages, impacts apply equally to both lines, otherwise they are independent. 2 ), (D) particulate matter formation (kg PM 2.5 -eq), E) cumulative energy demand (MJ primary energy), and (F) water consumption (m
from these two datasets. Pulp mills use a number of energy sources including many internally recycled biogenic sources, and there might be differences in accounting procedures for GHGs as a result that could not be reconciled. The use of an alternate proxy material for paper towels in the WARM model resulted in a signi fi cant decrease in disposal phase and full life cycle emissions.
4.3. Key data scenarios
The other data points that could have signi fi cant in fl uence on results include the water loss in pulp production and the distri- bution distance; neither had much in fl uence over the life cycle results. The forest yield changes do impact land use since it is dominated by the forestry, but otherwise yield does not affect life cycle impacts.
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