521
W. Ingwersen et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 131 (2016) 509 e 522
Table A4 Life cycle inventory data on WARM land fi lling model for materials used as a proxy.
Biogenic C content (%) a
4 generation (CO 2 -eq/dry MT) a
Land fi ll CH
WARM material
Amount modeled in WARM per roll (kg)
Mixed paper (used in baseline scenario) Newspaper (used in alternative scenario)
0.17856 0.17856 0.0134 0.0032
44% 49% 49%
3.18 1.33 3.48
Corrugated cardboard
LDPE
0%
0
a Source: ICF International (2015).
Table A5 Life cycle inventory data for national average pulp e energy inputs and emissions for 1 metric tonne pulp.
EPA, 2014. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (EGRID), Year 2010 Data, ninth ed. Fava, J., Denison, R., Jones, B., Curran, M., Vigon, B., Selke, S., Barnum, J., 1991. A Technical Framework for Life-cycle Assessment. Pensacola, Florida. FP Innovation, 2015. Product Category Rules for Market Pulp. Vancouver, British Columbia. Frischknecht, R., Jungbluth, N., Althaus, H.-J., Doka, G., Dones, R., Heck, T., Hellweg, S., Hischier, R., Nemecek, T., Rebitzer, G., Spielmann, M., Wernet, G., 2007. Overview and Methodology (Ecoinvent report no. 1). Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf. GHG Protocol, 2011. Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard. World Resources Institute, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Washington and Geneva. Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M., Schryver, A.D., Struijs, J., Zelm, R.v, 2012. ReCiPe 2008: a Life Cycle Impact Assessment Method Which Comprises Harmonised Category Indicators at the Midpoint and the Endpoint Level. Gooch, J., Mack, R., 2012. Press Release e P & G and US EPA Sign Research Agreement to Help Company Attain Sustainability Goals. Ingwersen, W.W., Ceja, M., Weisbrod, A.V., Cabezas, H., Demeke, B., Eason, T., Smith, R.L., Sengupta, D., Zanoli, E., Gausman, M., Lee, S.-J., Ma, X.C., Weber, B., Alvarez, M., Bare, J.C., Abraham, J., Ruiz-Mercado, G.J., Gonzalez, M.A., 2016. Evaluating consumer product life cycle sustainability with integrated metrics: a Bounty ® case study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ acs.iecr.5b03743. Ingwersen, W.W., Rodriguez, C., Greve, S., Srocka, M., Ciroth, A., Meyer, D., 2015. WAste reduction model (WARM) for openLCA. In: 29th Meeting of the Inter- national Expert Group for LCA for Integrated Waste Management, Washington, DC. 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Name
Amount
Unit
Inputs Electricity, at industrial user
163
kWh
Coal
40
kg
m 3 m 3
Residual fuel oil Petroleum coke
0.0382 0.0175
Biomass
90
kg
m 3
Natural gas
159
Black liquor e internal recycle Limemud e internal recycle
1145
kg kg kg
204
Sludge e internal recycle
0.89
Outputs National avg pulp, at pulp and paper plant
1
tonne
Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide
1.77 2.03
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg
Carbon dioxide, fossil Carbon dioxide, biogenic Particulate matter < 2.5 m g
726
1832
0.30 0.30 0.20
Particulate matter > 2.5 m g, < 10 m g Volatile organic compounds, unspeci fi ed
Hydrogen chloride
0.139
Source: US EPA (2014a, 2014b).
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