Development of an electrochemical biosensing array for simultaneous detection of urinary metabolites for disease profiling Fernando Perez 1,2 , Michael Winder 3 , Bhavik A. Patel 1,2 1 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, 2 Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, Brighton, UK, 3 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sweden Signalling molecules in the bladder urothelium have been linked to function and dysfunction of the lower urinary tract 1 . These molecules are acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate, and nitric oxide, of which their respective metabolites choline, xanthine, and nitrite can be detected in urine 2 . As current clinical diagnosis of disease is based on symptoms without an objective measurement of severity or post treatment improvement, a rapid diagnostic device capable of simultaneous detection of these urinary metabolites is required 3 . Current techniques used for detection are costly, time consuming, and require a trained operator. Our biosensing array can be cheaply manufactured and used easily in clinical and non-clinical environments. The 3D printed device houses three working electrodes consisting of carbon nanotube and platinum black composite which directly detects nitrite and peroxide 4 . Two of these electrodes detect peroxide generated by their respective oxidase enzymes in the presence of the metabolites in a urinary matrix. The sensors were evaluated for sensitivity to choline, xanthine, and nitrite, as well as selectivity and stability. The array was evaluated using urine from a cystitis rat model which was treated with different urinary incontinence drugs. Our findings highlight that multi-analyte sensing can provide point of care diagnostics for bladder diseases. References 1. Winder, M., Tobin, G., Zupančič, D. & Romih, R. Signalling molecules in the urothelium. Biomed Res. Int. 2014 , (2014). 2. Firouzmand, S., Ajori, L. & Young, J. S. New participant stratification and combination of urinary biomarkers and confounders could improve diagnostic accuracy for overactive bladder. Sci. Rep. 10 , 1–10 (2020). 3. Peyronnet, B. et al. A Comprehensive Review of Overactive Bladder Pathophysiology: On the Way to Tailored Treatment(Figure presented.). Eur. Urol. 75 , 988–1000 (2019). 4. Abdalla, A., Jones, W., Flint, M. S. & Patel, B. A. Bicomponent composite electrochemical sensors for sustained monitoring of hydrogen peroxide in breast cancer cells. Electrochim. Acta 398 , 139314 (2021).
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