A multi-modal miniaturised passive sampling-based workflow for monitoring emerging contaminants in river water Alexandra K Richardson 1 , Rachel C Irlam 2 , Graham A Mills 3 , Gary R Fones 3 , Stephen Stürzenbaum 1 , David A Cowan 1 , David J Neep 4 and Leon P Barron 5 1 King’s College London, Dept. Analytical, United Kingdom, 2 Newcastle University, Dept. of Chemistry, United Kingdom, 3 University of Portsmouth, Faculty of Science and Health, United Kingdom, 4 Agilent Technologies UK Ltd, United Kingdom, 5 MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, United Kingdom Passive sampling in water at scale, including chemical analysis for hundreds of potential analytes, represents a significant challenge. The calibration of a new, low-cost 3D-printed passive sampling device (3D-PSD) for chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) using three different sorbents and subsequent application to an urban freshwater river is presented. The 3D-PSDs were manufactured from a methacrylate-based resin and held up to five individual 9 mm sorbent disks. The sampling rates ( R s ) of three sorbent chemistries, i.e., HLB (hydrophilic- lipophilic balanced), anion exchange, and cation exchange were assessed in the laboratory over ten days at low exposure concentrations (50 and 100 ng L -1 ) in artificial freshwater (AFW). Daily water and 3D-PSD sorbent extracts were analysed by a rapid 5.5 min liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ MS) method for 164 CECs including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, illicit drugs, metabolites, and other industrial chemicals. Overall, uptake onto the 3D-PSD was linear over seven days for 103 compounds across all three sorbents and sampling rates ranged from 0.3 to 12.3 mL day -1 , 0.1 to 18.8 mL day -1 , and 1.6 to 104.2 mL day -1 for HLB, anion, and cation sorbents, respectively. The molecular descriptors of compounds were interrogated for relationship trends. Multimodal 3D-PSD, containing all three sorbents were deployed monthly in the River Wandle (London, UK) for seven days over the summer to winter period of 2021 (July – December). In total, 105 unique compounds were detected, 93 were common to at least two sorbents, and 78 were quantifiable across all phases. Interestingly, of all CECs detected, 70 were pharmaceuticals. Therefore, this study was the first to rapidly show that current monitoring campaigns to estimate CEC occurrence in this catchment may be significantly underestimated.
IP15
© The Author(s), 2022
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