STEM
STEM
“From bacteria to viruses, fungi to small insects, they all play a crucial role in maintaining skin health, immune system regulation and barrier protection.”
AMY NOLAN
Staphylococcus epidermis is the most abundant bacterial resident of the skin microbiome. It protects the skin by competing with potentially harmful bacteria for resources. It also produces antimicrobial substances that help the defence against pathogens. The Corynebacterium species contribute to the breakdown of sweat, creating body odour. However, they are also a potent inhibitor of fungal infections, such as athlete’s foot. A particularly unpopular microorganism, the Demodex mite, inhabits hair follicles and is generally harmless, though an overabundance is associated with certain skin conditions, such as rosacea. Recent evidence from the advancements in technology has led to a shift in our understanding of acne and the microbiome. For the first time, we can see what is happening on our skin during a breakout. The main issue causing acne is the overproduction of sebum leading to clogged pores. This provides nutrients for Cutibacterium acnes, which is abundant in our hair follicles and can activate the immune system to cause inflammation in the skin, leading to acne. Surprisingly, the problem isn’t that there is too much C. acnes, but that there is too much of one strain. An imbalance between strains increases inflammation,
which will increase sebum excretion. However, what is not known is what drives the initial shift to more sebum production. Currently, it is assumed to be due to a plethora of interacting factors, such as hormones, genetics, and lifestyle. New research suggests that our skin microbiome may also be involved in ageing. Collagen maintains the structure of the skin, but the quantity and quality of our collagen production declines with age, leading to the skin losing its elasticity. A recent study showed that C. acnes and Staph epidermis were associated with a decline in collagen levels. However, it is currently unclear whether these bacteria cause a loss of collagen, or a loss of collagen is what changes the microbiome. Also, researchers found that the microbiome of older participants had a greater proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, compared with younger volunteers, though it is still unknown if this affects the physical signs of ageing. Research on the skin microbiome is ongoing, and new insights are continually uncovering the complexity and importance of skin health. Efforts are being made to develop skincare products and treatments that support a healthy balance of the skin microbiome.
The Skin Microbiome AMY NOLAN
Our skin microbiome is a diverse community of microorganisms on the skin’s surface. From bacteria to viruses, fungi to small insects, they all play a crucial role in maintaining skin health, immune system regulation and barrier protection. First formed from the mother’s biome, this collection of microorganisms stays on the skin for a whole lifespan, though it continues to develop throughout life, depending on age, living environment, social interactions, and pets.
The skin is a rough terrain of varied habitats with an abundance of specialised niches that support a wide range of microorganisms. In general, the skin is cool, acidic, and desiccated, but distinct habitats are determined by skin temperature, hair follicles and glands. Sebum from the sebaceous glands create a warm moist environment, acting as a host to high microbial diversity. Sweat also alters the moisture levels and nutrient availability, so exercise can temporarily influence the microbiome.
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