https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/cdfdcf47d0fa9d61cfa64b7478220413-0360012022/mena- economic-update-april-2022 116. Foreign Affairs. "The Lies America Tells Itself About the Middle East: As Its Influence Faded, Washington Disassembled and Denied Reality." Foreign Affairs, September/October 2025. Accessed June 2025. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/lies-america-tells-itself-about-middle-east 117. Foreign Policy/Council on Foreign Relations ، Russia’s Growing Footprint in Africa. CFR backgrounder, December 28, 2023. Accessed June 2025. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/russias-growing-footprint-africa 118. France 24, “ France withdraws last soldiers from Mali amid jihadist resurgence, ” August 17, 2022, accessed June 2025, https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220817-france-withdraws-last-soldiers-from-mali-amid- jihadist-resurgence 119. France 24, “ Investigation: Africa under Russian influence, ” July 21, 2023, accessed June 2025, https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/reporters/20230721-investigation-africa-under-russian-influence 120. France 24. “ France withdraws last soldiers from Mali amid jihadist resurgence. ” France24.com, 17 August 2022. Accessed June 2025. https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220817-france-withdraws-last-soldiers-from-mali-amid- jihadist-resurgence 121. Frank Biermann, Earth System Governance: World Politics in the Anthropocene (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014), 160-177 122. Fritzler, Jonas 123. Fukuyama, Francis. “ The Pandemic and Political Order. ” Foreign Affairs, June 9, 2020. Accessed June 2025. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/world/2020-06-09/pandemic-and-political-order 124. Galeotti, Mark. Putin’s Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine. London: Osprey Publishing, 2022, pp. 287-322 125. Gel’man , Vladimir. Authoritarian Russia: Analyzing Post-Soviet Regime Changes. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015, pp. 201-229 126. Giri, Keshab. “ Small State Sovereignty in the Digital Age. ” In Walking among Giants: Foreign Policy and Development Strategies of Small and Landlocked Countries, edited by Chandra Dev Bhatta and Jonathan Menge, 101-120. Kathmandu: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Nepal Office, 2023. Accessed July 14, 2025. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nepal/20712.pdf#page=101 127. Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), 33-54 & George Liska, Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), 76-98 128. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime, Mercenaries and Illicit Markets: Russia's Africa Corps and the Business of Conflict, February 2025, accessed June 2025, https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/russia-africa-corps-business-of-conflict/ 129. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. After the Fall: Russian Modes of Influence in Africa Post-Wagner. February 2025. Accessed June 2025. https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/After-the-fall-Russian-modes-of-influence- in-Africa-post-Wagner-GI-TOC-February-2025.v3.pdf
171
Made with FlippingBook Online newsletter