13.7.2 The rainforest ecosystem Rainforests are unique ecosystems consisting of four different layers, each with distinct characteristics — the emergent, canopy, understory and forest floor ( FIGURE3 ).
FIGURE3 Layers in a tropical rainforest
Canopy
Tall emergent tree
Liana
Buttress roots
Epiphytes
Ferns
Undergrowth
Moss
TABLE1 The characteristics of the four different layers of the rainforest — the emergent, canopy, understory and forest floor Layer Height Characteristics Animal life Emergents 30 to 50 metres Rise out of the forest canopy, huge crowns of leaves Abundant animal life Canopy 20 to 45 metres Dense layer of treetops, distinct microclimate, special vines (lianas), epiphytes Variety of plants and animals Understorey Not specified
Mixture of smaller trees and ferns, receives about 5 per cent of the sun’s energy Thick carpet of leaves, fallen trees, huge buttress roots, poor soil, living compost
Many animals move around in darkness and humidity
Forest floor
Bottom layer
Larger animals roam in search of food
TOPIC13 Landforms and landscapes – diversity, significance and management 313
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