LESSON 13.14 Review 13.14.1
Key knowledge summary Use this dot point summary to review the content covered in this topic. 13.2 Why do landscapes vary? • Landscapes are shaped by factors such as climate, geographical features and latitude. • The type of landscape that develops is determined by the mix of these factors. • There are variations within landscapes, and they are impacted by human activity. 13.3 How are landscapes created? • Landscapes are continually changing; tectonic forces build landscapes. • Erosion, deposition and weathering change landscapes. • The rate of change varies in landscapes formed by water. • Human activity such as deforestation accelerates erosion. • Soil types vary and determine the vegetation a landscape can support. • Coastal environments share similarities and differences in both landforms and the processes that formthem. 13.4 Coastal landscapes: the role of erosion and deposition • The coast is the zone between land and sea. Physical processes determine the physical characteristics of the landscape. • Waves are created when the wind blows over the ocean; wave size is determined by wind strength and distance travelled. • Constructive waves create depositional landforms such as beaches, spits and lagoons. • Destructive waves create erosional landforms such as caves, arches and stacks. • Longshore drift moves sand along a beach in the direction of the prevailing winds. 13.5 How do rivers shape landscapes? • Rivers sculpt landscapes though erosion, transportation and deposition. • Rivers can be perennial (with consistent flow all year) or intermittent (with inconsistent flow). • Rivers consist of three sections — upper, middle and lower. Different processes and landforms are found in each section. 13.6 Australian landforms • Australia is an ancient landscape that has undergone many changes over millions of years. • Tectonic forces have uplifted the land, creating mountain ranges. • Weathering, erosion and deposition have worn away and sculpted the landscape. • Climate and vegetation are also different to those found millions of years ago. 13.7 Rainforests and grasslands • Grasslands are transitional landscapes, generally located between forests and deserts. • African savanna grasslands are maintained by grazing animals and their migration. • Aboriginal communities use fire to maintain grasslands in northern Australia. • Rainforests are areas of extremely high rainfall and are located in the tropical zone. • Rainforests regulate global climate, produce oxygen and are the source of many foods and medicines. • Rainforests are under threat due to exploitation and over-harvesting of resources. 13.8 Deserts in Australia and China • Deserts can be hot or cold, and are characterised by low rainfall. • Approximately one-third of the Earth’s surface is classified as arid or semi-arid. • Latitude and topography play a role in determining where deserts are located.
350 Jacaranda Humanities Alive 8 Victorian Curriculum Third Edition
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