geothermal energy energy derived from the heat in the Earth’s interior hotspot an area on the Earth’s surface where the crust is quite thin, and volcanic activity can sometimes occur, even though it is not at a plate margin interconnection the idea that no object of geographical study can be viewed in isolation. It is about the ways that geographical phenomena are connected to each other through environmental processes, the movement of people, flows of trade and investment, the purchase of goods and services, cultural influences, the exchange of ideas and information, political power and international agreements. landslide a rapid movement of rocks, soil and vegetation down a slope, sometimes caused by an earthquake or by excessive rain liquefaction transformation of soil into a fluid, which occurs when vibrations created by an earthquake, or water pressure in a soil mass, cause the soil particles to lose contact with one another and become unstable; for this to happen, the spaces between soil particles must be saturated or near saturated lithosphere the crust and upper mantle of the Earth orographic rainfall occurs when a topographic barrier such as a mountain blocks the path of a movement of air horizontally. This forces the air upward where it cools, thus increasing the likelihood of rain. Pangaea the name given to all the landmass of the Earth before it split into Laurasia and Gondwana, which over time became the continents we know today primary wave also known as a P-wave; the first waves to hit an area during an earthquake, which cause a sudden jolt rift zone a large area of the Earth in which plates of the Earth’s crust are moving away from each other, forming an extensive system of fractures and faults secondary wave also known as an S-wave; the waves that arrive at an area after the P-waves, and cause a sustained up-and-down movement seismic wave a wave of energy that travels through the Earth as a result of an earthquake, explosion or volcanic eruption volcanic loam volcanic soil composed mostly of basalt, which has developed a crumbly mixture
14.14.3 Reflection Complete the following to reflect on your learning.
Revisit the inquiry question posed in the Overview: How do magma, water and tectonic plates change environments and what are the impacts on people and places? 1. Now that you have completed this topic, what is your view on the question? Discuss with a partner. Has your learning in this topic changed your view? If so, how? 2. Write a paragraph in response to the inquiry question, outlining your views.
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