Loss of land As Jakarta has urbanised, open green space has decreased from nearly 30 per cent in 1984 to less than 10 per cent in 2015, and around 4.5 per cent in 2023. Efforts are being made to ‘re-green’ the city. Prime agricultural areas have turned into residential and industrial zones because urban land is more valuable. Environment Indonesia has low sewerage and sanitation coverage. Sewage from homes and industries, along with agricultural run-off, pollutes water sources. Air pollution is high due to traffic, industrial fumes and smoke from forest-clearing fires.
FIGURE5 Impacts of Jakarta’s rapid growth
Air pollution or smog over the city
Significant traffic congestion
Labour force has moved from the country to the factories in the cities, resulting in a loss of labour force in rural areas.
Land for food production has been lost due to urban sprawl.
Subsidence and flooding. Many parts of Jakarta are sinking as the water table drops and more buildings are constructed.
There are plans to relocate the government buildings and much of the infrastructure to a new capital city in Borneo.
TOPIC15 Changing nations – urbanisation and migration 457
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