15.8 Urbanisation in Indonesia • Rural–urban migration and natural population increase have changed Indonesia’s population over time. • Jakarta has experienced rapid population growth over time. • Jakarta has a major subsidence issue that is leading to a number of health and safety issues. 15.9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of urbanisation? • The higher the urban population percentage, the wealthier a country tends to be in terms of GDP. • Urbanisation brings more education, employment and enterprise opportunities that benefit individuals and communities. • It is easier to provide and access services such as healthcare, transport, housing and education when people live in concentrated areas. • Urban areas tend to have disadvantages such as more pollution, higher crime rates, easier transmission of disease and a higher cost of living. • Urban slums can develop when population growth results in unplanned settlements that existing infrastructure cannot support. 15.10 What are megacities? • Most of the world’s cities are located on coastlines or transport routes. • Megacities are classified as cities with a population of over 10 million people. • Most megacities are in Asia. 15.11 What are sustainable cities? • To meet the needs of both existing and future populations, cities need be planned and developed to be more sustainable. • To be sustainable, a city needs to reduce its environmental impact and support the quality of life of its inhabitants. • Key features of sustainable cities include the use of renewable energy, the conservation of water, improved waste management and a reduction in the use of cars as transport. 15.12 Inquiry: Planning Australia’s newest sustainable city • Develop a comprehensive understanding of the physical geography required to support a city. • Utilise and develop geographical skills to design a new city. • Understand and evaluate the relative merits of sustainability policies. 15.13 Investigating topographic maps — Jakarta • Jakarta regularly experiences flooding as a result of a combination of factors such as being situated on flat lowlands, having shallow rivers that can overflow and having heavy wet-season rainfall. 15.14.2 Key terms conurbation area when cities merge to form one continuous urban area ecological footprint the amount of productive land needed on average by each person in a selected area for food, water, transport, housing and waste management emigrants people exiting a country of origin fly-in fly-out (FIFO) a system in which workers fly to work, in places such as remote mines, and after a week or more fly back to their home elsewhere immigrants people moving into their destination country internal displacement when people are forced to leave their homes due to conflict or environmental disasters, but remain within their country’s borders internal migration migration within a country megacity a very large city with a population of at least 10 million people megaregions megacities merge to form these
TOPIC15 Changing nations – urbanisation and migration 481
Made with FlippingBook interactive PDF creator