commercial revolution a period of major economic change in Europe between the 11th and 18th centuries, where trade expanded, banking grew, and new business practices developed craftsmen skilled workers who made goods by hand, such as blacksmiths, weavers, and shoemakers day labourers worked for daily wages, often doing unskilled jobs on farms or in towns, without long-term employment doctrine of Mahomet the Muslim faith, following Mohammed’s teachings. Early Modern Period the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries excommunicated banned from Church membership feudal aristocracy (nobles) the highest-ranking group in medieval society; powerful landowners who gained their status through birth and service to royalty feudalism social order in medieval Europe heresy opinion challenging the Roman Catholic Church heretic person rejecting Church teachings humanist belief centred on human interests or values idolatry worship of idols indulgence a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins inquisition Catholic body that tried people for heresy knights warriors who followed a code of honour called chivalry; often served nobles or royalty for land or money
lords aristocratic landowners in feudal times mercenary soldier fighting for money, not ideals NewWorld term for the Americas during the Early Modern Period nobles rich and powerful landowners who held power over others through the feudal system
patricians wealthy and influential families in medieval towns or cities, often involved in politics and trade peasants farmers who worked the land. Most were poor and either rented land or worked for landowners. Some were serfs, tied to the land. Reformation Era period when Protestant churches emerged Renaissance period of major changes in art, science and learning robber barons feudal lords who used their castles to control trade routes and charged illegal tolls or robbed travellers Scientific Revolution age of major scientific discoveries townspeople those who lived in towns and cities, including merchants, craftsmen, and labourers. They were not part of the feudal system like peasants and nobles. vassal person holding land for a lord, offering loyalty in return
2.8.3 Reflection Complete the following to reflect on your learning.
Revisit the inquiry question : How did societies change in the Early Modern Period? What key beliefs and values influenced them? What were people’s perspectives? Which significant ideas have influenced the world today and how have historians interpreted the period? 1. Now that you’ve finished, what’s your view? Discuss with a partner. Did this topic change your perspective? If so, how? 2. Write a paragraph summarising your answer to the inquiry question.
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The emergence of the modem world
TOPIC2 Emergence of the modern world in Europe 43
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