12.18 SkillBuilder: Creating and reading pictographs ................................... 12.19 SkillBuilder: Describing photographs .................................. 12.20 SkillBuilder: Constructing a basic sketchmap .................................... 12.21 Review ........................................................ 278 13 Landforms and landscapes – diversity, significance and management 281 13.1 Overview ..................................................... 282 13.2 Why do landscapes vary? ........................... 284 13.3 How are landscapes created? .................... 287 13.4 Coastal landscapes: the role of erosion and deposition ............................................ 293 13.5 How do rivers shape landscapes? .............. 299 13.6 Australian landforms ................................... 304 13.7 Rainforests and grasslands ......................... 311 13.8 Deserts in Australia and China .................... 320 13.9 What are underground landscapes? ........... 327 13.10 The cultural and spiritual significance of landscapes ............................................. 331 13.11 How can we manage and preserve landscapes? ............................................... 336 13.12 Investigating topographic maps .................. 346 13.13 Inquiry: Coastal environment case study .... 349 13.14 Review ........................................................ 350 14 Geomorphological processes and hazards 357 14.1 Overview ..................................................... 358 14.2 What are plate tectonics? ........................... 360 14.3 How do mountains form? ........................... 364 14.4 Where are the world’s mountain ranges? .... 370 14.5 How do people connect with mountains? ... 375 14.6 What are earthquakes? ............................... 380 14.7 What is a tsunami? ..................................... 386 14.8 What are the impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis? ............................................ 390 14.9 What are volcanoes and how are they formed? ...................................................... 394 14.10 Investigating topographic maps – Mount Taranaki, New Zealand ............................... 399 14.11 What are the types of volcanoes and how do they erupt? ..................................... 403 14.12 How do volcanic eruptions affect people? ...................................................... 407 14.13 Inquiry: Supervolcano report ....................... 412 14.14 Review ........................................................ 414
11 Polynesian expansion across the Pacific 11.1 Overview
11.2 How do we know about the Polynesian expansion across the Pacific? 11.3 Exploring the Polynesian Triangle 11.4 What happened on Rapa Nui? 11.5 What was life like in Hawai’i? 11.6 Who were the people of Aotearoa? 11.7 Were customs and culture the same everywhere? 11.8 What happened when Polynesians settled and stayed? 11.9 Inquiry: Religion in Polynesia 11.10 Review
GEOGRAPHY
12 Geographical concepts and skills 263 12.1 Overview ..................................................... 264 12.2 Geographical concepts and skills ............... 266 12.3 SkillBuilder: Geographical inquiry 12.4 SkillBuilder: Concluding and decision-making ...........................
12.5 SkillBuilder: Communicating ........ 12.6 SkillBuilder: Reading contour lines onamap ........................................ 12.7 SkillBuilder: Recognising land features ......................................... 12.8 SkillBuilder: Using latitude and longitude ....................................... 12.9 SkillBuilder: Calculating distance using scale .................................... 12.10 SkillBuilder: Drawing simple cross-sections .............................. 12.11 SkillBuilder: Interpreting an aerial photo ................................... 12.12 SkillBuilder: Understanding thematic maps .............................. 12.13 SkillBuilder: Drawing a line graph using Excel .................................... 12.14 SkillBuilder: Using positional language ........................................ 12.15 SkillBuilder: Constructing a field sketch ............................................ 12.16 SkillBuilder: Creating and describing complex overlay maps .................. 12.17 SkillBuilder: Drawing a précis map ................................................
CONTENTS vii
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