bubonic plague the commonest form of plague in humans, characterised by fever, delirium, and the formation of buboes Buddhist to do with Buddhism; a follower of Buddhism budget estimates of all government income to be raised by taxes and other charges, and the planned spending of that income, within any given year burden of proof the legal principle describing who has to prove a case in court. In a criminal trial, this burden is on the prosecution. bushid̄o the way of the warrior; the rules that prescribed correct behaviour for all samurai business any activity conducted by an individual or individuals to produce and sell goods and services to make a profit Cabinet the main group of parliamentary members from the governing party calligraphy the art of beautiful handwriting capital growth an increase in the value of shares or property over time capitalism economic system where production and trade are privately owned capitalist spirit way of thinking behind capitalism cardinal a member of the Pope’s Council, or Sacred College; has the power to elect the Pope from among his own group cash flow statement cash flow is the movement of money in and out of a business. A cash flow statement can show the net cash flow; this is the money left after money out has been deducted from money in. cathedral main church of a diocese; contains the bishop’s throne cause and consequence the concept that every historical event will have a cause, and every event or action is likely to be the cause of subsequent effects or consequences centralised control of a country from one central location change the process by which places, environments or spatial patterns alter over time. In Geography, change can be natural (like erosion or climate change) or human-made (like urban development or deforestation). chastity choosing not to have sexual relationships chronicle a record of events as they happened, usually written by a person who was present at the time they occurred chronology a record of past events in order of time, from ancient Greek chronos (time) and logos (word) city-state a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state civil war a war between two competing groups within one country civilisations societies that have towns and features such as complex forms of government and religion clan a large group of closely related people clergy officials of the Church codex a pictorial book codified refers to laws that have been collected and organised, usually in written form coexist to live together at the same time in the same place commercial revolution a period of major economic change in Europe between the 11th and 18th centuries, where trade expanded, banking grew, and new business practices developed common law law developed by judges through the decisions of courts competition the outcome of two or more businesses attempting to supply their products to the same group of customers compost a mixture of various types of decaying organic matter such as dung and dead leaves concentric having a common centre confidence the level of support that the government has from the parliament, which is necessary for the government to remain in power conquistador one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico in the sixteenth century conscript a person ordered by the government to do compulsory military duty constructive waves waves that deposit sand on the beach contemporary issues the diverse range of current events and issues that are facing society
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