ruleof law a legal principle that all citizens are subject to the law and equal before the law. The law applies equally to all citizens regardless of status or wealth. runes letters of the Scandinavian alphabet based on Roman or Greek letters but modified to be easily carved on wood or stone sacrament a sacred Christian ceremony, for example, baptism or marriage saga a medieval Scandinavian tale about exploits and adventures in the life of a hero or his family sake a Japanese alcoholic drink made from fermented rice; sometimes known as rice wine
sales revenue the amount of money earned by selling goods and services samurai the warrior class in Japan during the Classical and sh̄ogunate periods
sanctuary protection offered to individuals who were seeking refuge from persecution or punishment. The right of sanctuary was based on the idea that churches and other religious institutions were sacred and provided a safe place for those in need of protection. They were granted temporary protection from arrest, allowing them time to negotiate a settlement for their crime, or seek a pardon. sanitation facilities provided to remove waste such as sewage and household or business rubbish scale the ratio that shows how much smaller a map is compared to the real world, e.g. one centimetre on a map equals one kilometre in real life Scientific Revolution age of major scientific discoveries seachange movement of people from major cities to live near the coast to achieve a change of lifestyle secondary sources reconstructions of the past written or created by people living at a time after the period that the historian is studying secondary wave also known as an S-wave; the waves that arrive at an area after the P-waves, and cause a sustained up-and-down movement sediment material carried by water seismic wave a wave of energy that travels through the Earth as a result of an earthquake, explosion or volcanic eruption self-sufficient able to provide for its own needs separation of powers the dividing of responsibilities and powers of government seppuku a form of ritual suicide, carried out by disembowelling oneself (cutting open the abdomen) with a sword septicaemic plague a plague wherein bacteria multiply in the blood sermon moral or religious lecture delivered by a priest sh̄ogun literally ‘barbarian-conquering great general’; the Japanese emperor’s chief military adviser and hereditary commander-in-chief, with the duty to protect Japan from foreign invasion shaman a person who claims to communicate with spirits through mystic rituals shell middens Indigenous Australian archaeological sites where the debris associated with eating shellfish and similar foods has accumulated over time Shint̄o an ancient Japanese religion the followers of which believe in nature spirits and ancestor worship short-term goals are things that we want to do within the next couple of months or even within the year; this might include a plan to buy something significance the importance assigned to particular aspects of the past; for example, events, developments, movements and historical sites slum a run-down area of a city characterised by poor housing and poverty soft engineering a coastal management technique where the natural environment is used to help reduce coastal erosion and river flooding soluble able to be dissolved in water space how features and places are arranged on Earth’s surface; where things are located, how they are distributed, and the patterns they form stalactite a feature made of minerals, which forms from the ceiling of limestone caves, like an icicle. These are formed when water containing dissolved limestone drips from the roof of a cave, leaving a small amount of calcium carbonate behind. stalagmite a feature made of minerals found on the floor of limestone caves. These are formed when water containing dissolved limestone deposits on the cave floor and builds up.
670 GLOSSARY
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