tapestry 163, 201 target market trends of 650 tariffs 255, 608, 622
tree change 435–6, 482 trespass 545, 559 trials 71–2 by jury 71 by ordeal 71 tributary 255 tropical rainforests 312 Tryggvason, Olaf 170 tsunami 386–90 earthquake and 387
V values 488, 493 variables 459 variables (in Geography) 482 vassals 24, 43, 255 Vatican City 471–2 vegetation 291 vernacular 113 Viking Age 155, 183 decline and end 194–8
taxation system 584, 610–15 Australia’s system of 610–11 allocation and production 611–12 distribution 611
income tax 613–14 purpose of 611–12
impacts of 390–4 Japanese 387–8
direct and indirect 610 government spending and receipts 612–13 rate of 610–11 tea ceremony 255 technological developments 172–3 tectonic forces 288 tectonic plates 352, 361–3, 380 in Nepal earthquake 383 telephone service 605 temperate zone 312, 352 Tenochtitlan 137 everyday life in 126–8 terra nullius 553, 559, 580
peace settlement in France 195
tuberculosis 228, 255 Turkestan desert 321 typhoon 255
Viking attacks 179–82 in Britain and Ireland 180 on England 195–7 on Lindisfarne 180 Viking longboat technology 172–6 design and navigation 173–5 technological developments 172–3 Viking raids 179–82 going on 164–5 impression of 177 monasteries 180–1 records of 155 Vikings 152, 154–7 see also VikingAge archaeological discoveries 155–6 brutality 166 death — beliefs and practices 169–70 discovery of Vinland 190–3 equal rights 162–3 extraordinary achievements of 189–94 funeral ships 169 gods 167–9 Greenland 190 influence of Christianity 170 as Jorvik 183 life for 161–6 longhouse 164 pagan religion 166–7 religion and change 166–71 republic 189–90 runes 154–5 sagas 154–5, 198 Scandinavia influence 157–61
U Ulfrik 154 underground landscapes 327–31 karst 327–8 unemployment benefits 605, 622 unequal treaties 246 United States urbanisation in 445–7 Ural Mountains 365 urban 482 urban greening program 471 urban growth 443–5, 449 populations over time 444 urbanisation 482 advantages of 460–1 defined 420, 443 disadvantages of 461
territorial rulers 32 territorial states 32 tertiary education 608 Thar Desert 321
thatch 52, 113 theatre 239–40 theologian 105, 113 things 189, 201 Thirty Years’ War (1618-48) 33 Thor 167, 168 thralls 162 timber 243 timeline 11–14 topographic maps 346–9 townspeople 25, 43 trade 92–93
environments 420 in Indonesia 454–9 in Jakarta 477–9 megacities 464–9
migration see migration people moving 426–34 emigrant and immigrant 427 internationally 427–8 push and pull factors 423–5 regions over time 444 slums 461–3
control 226–7 growth of 93 routes 185–9 boats 187
settlements 185–7
sustainable cities 469–75 and urban growth 443–9 urbanisation, in Australia 445–7, 449–54
tradition 213 traditional media 516 transboundary river 352 transport 352 transported 288 treason 72–4 treaty 246, 255 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte 195 Treaty of Tordesillas 132, 139
consequences of 451 ecological footprint 452 future 451 rural lifestyle 451–2 urban sprawl 451, 482 utilities 464, 482
settlements 155, 182–4 social structure 161–2 society 162 trade routes 185–9 women 162
INDEX 683
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