HOT|COOL NO. 1/2024 "NEW HEAT SOURCES AND RE-TECHNOLOGIES

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gy for replacing gas for heating and for integrating the fluctuating renewable energy. The DH, acting as a virtual battery, is already a reality stabilizing the power grid and reducing curtailment of wind turbines. The core of the gas grid will remain and distribute biogas for industries and back-up for wind in symbiosis with DH. The first pro- jects for carbon capture from biomass are in the pipeline, followed by electrolysis and e-fuel factories for decarbon- izing transportation. There will be a surplus of waste heat from all these processes, from cooling and from data centers and industries. The challenge will be to allocate these huge waste heat resources in the most cost-effec- tive way for society. Most industrialized countries are now in the process of implementing energy policy objectives in line with the Danish policy. EU member states are, e.g., obliged to im- plement a package of EU directives. The buildings shall, according to the building directive, offer good thermal comfort, and their carbon footprint shall be reduced to almost zero in a cost-effective way, taking into account that renewable and efficient energy can be transferred to buildings via DH and DC. Moreover, member states and local communities are requested to plan for how DH and DC can utilize the many efficient and renewable sources for heating and cooling. This is a challenge for states that are dependent on fossil fuels like Denmark was in 1973, but the Danish Journey can inspire. The EU directives have been inspired by the Danish tran- sition, and some of the good Danish showcases have been presented in EU JRC (Joint Research Centre) publi- cations and in Hot|Cool. The showcases demonstrate the importance of technical and institutional efficiency and how it has developed in the Danish journey, not least the longer lifetime of the network, lower heat losses, and digital communication with consumers, as well as local democratic ownership being the key to efficient stakeholder engagement and co-operation to plan and implement the most cost-ef- fective solutions for the society. Energy efficiency first - stop wasting resources. This issue of Hot|Cool focuses on how DH is vital for the efficiency and integration of fluctuating renewable en- ergy. A closer look at the cases will show that society still faces severe barriers against a cost-effective transition meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, even in Denmark, such as wrong tax incentives, focus on CO2 instead of cost-effectiveness, national CO2 reduction instead of global reduction, building level reduction instead of na- tional level reduction, etc. Therefore, international insti- tutions like the UN and the EU should try to break down such legal and institutional barriers.

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