Final Report: Implementation and Pilot Study
35
Table 5. Comparisons Between All PKOMW and Comparison Students
PKOMW Students (n = 21)
Comparison Students (n = 12)
M
SD
M
SD
Receptive Vocabulary
90.33**
19.34
73.08
6.96
Expressive Vocabulary
97.68*
16.09
84.18
4.83
Literacy
95.33
16.02
92.50
13.98
Math
90.15*
20.39
75.83
15.78
Executive Functions
94.43
11.22
95.83
8.21
Cognitive/Social
115.95
37.74
112.08
24.38
Emotions/Regulation
99.52
36.36
112.50
13.00
Note. This table depicts whole-group independent t-test analyses. No control variables were used in these analyses. *significantly higher, p < .05 ** significantly higher, p < .01 *** significantly higher, p < .001
Examination of Group Differences in the Overall Sample Accounting for Key Contextual Factors . In our descriptive analyses we found that the PKOMW and comparison students differed across several demographic and contextual factors. Students in the PKOMW classrooms had families with significantly higher household income, parents with higher levels of education, and fewer students in their classrooms than those in classrooms. These factors are often associated with higher scores on students’ school readiness assessments (Kim et al., 2014), as they were in the current study. To account for these factors, which could be driving the differences between PKOMW and comparison classrooms, we conducted Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) models that controlled for these variables. We also controlled for DLL status as it was marginally different across the two groups. See Table 6 for whole group analyses with control variables. When examining all students, controlling for DLL status, household income, pare nts’ highest level of education, and number of students in their classrooms there were no statistically significant differences between PKOMW and comparison groups on any assessments of school readiness.
Table 6. Comparisons Between All PKOMW and Comparison Students Accounting for Contextual Variables
PKOMW Students (n = 21)
Comparison Students (n = 12)
M
SD
M
SD
Receptive Vocabulary
90.30
18.85
73.73
6.91
Expressive Vocabulary
97.44
16.52
84.20
5.09
Literacy
95.70
16.35
93.45
14.24
Math
89.74
20.86
76.81
16.15
Executive Functions
94.45
11.51
95.55
8.55
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