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البرازيل.. القوة الصاعدة في أميركا اللاتينية

ضمن المشهد العالمي بالغ التداخل والتعقيد، تظهر البرازيل كواحدة من القوى الإقليمية والدولية الصاعدة، نظرًا لما تتمتع به من ثقل ديمغرافي كبير؛ إذ يبلغ سكانها زهاء ربع مليار إنسان، وامتداد جغرافي قاري هائل، وثروات طبيعية غنية. والأهم من ذلك وجود رؤية سياسية ثاقبة وإرادة صلبة مصممة على تفعيل دور هذه القوة إقليميًا وعالميًا.

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$P  \ Y W$M/ $ $Y $(f  a. n  'I a3Q  ¢$…\ C    $ .=: š .$  C „m . &I ?R "m .    ‚ '2 'I @JK  "( 6= . a  # v"I w  )O (2'O bR  &I a3Q  &²= HX*K2 …f    O a3Q  . ),  Q3 12= Žf"$= 7 HX*K  © C  gf 2] $k $;  `(*   ' = @yk   &I  ,  ;2 S;(  D2JK   " K  .   1815 K  L# >2O . +0 D\ f  Ll*  'L 2 " @J  0  L%  6 C(  f  (2'O k9 @JK  q, `f  &Y {X*K  HX*K  6 žm C .   1822 $"( / ^   S:  M ) h(0 ^Q  `f  &Y j  ¿$ 12  9 @JK  (2 ( *  M <= +0  l HX*K  h(0 vž $'f @JK   .  7 C2/   > ? C K' \ $"( /   ) H:   h\  0m „$´\ ^Q  ( 9 @JK  HA \ }0 $'\ HX*K  7 $0 ‰M A 2 ]KR H/ 8 ` 1827   ^$(f $M Af\ «* 3 @JK   {X*$ . ]KV h(0 vž  l  e$= H]/ h3/ C 0 @JK  v# ¤;    ) 1831 Ÿ 1889 ( +fO 12 ¦)2  ',* tAM L# Ž $k  jQ3 HAM À D…"m @ ;'   > QI D\ f  ^$(f  š .$  4 H R ) 1888 (  h*  ! o . C z$  ZX R C &$yO   (2O ›]/ $(f A " 1889 L'o  . C2/  . Ll* C Y$0 2] 20$ @JK  @M\ ^$(f  ‡A "m Q C  C´  $* HY  I L 2 $ f \ ^.m D'Ym D\ f  mR L,  t a(´*   1974 v .* 2  $k  >2*  12= Ž $G L = vY$* $=  A  h(0 12  \m $(f  (G . J/  23/ ‡$0  A  v \ A O L = v)Á= . 9 ^Q  `T= 2 T D2JK  h   h\ JK $k  >2* HAM \ bR  C {: +*$ h(G 1930 }0 1945 C  ";   1951 }0 1954 .

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22

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23

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24

  

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25

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

 : ● Susanne Gratius (2010) Brazil’s geo-political and geo-strategic conditions for leadership. Unpublished report prepared for Aljazeera Centre for Studies. ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil ● CIA Factbook (2010) Brazil. ● FAO (2010) www.fao.org ● Fausto. B (1999) A concise history of Brazil. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 9-25 ● St. Louis.R, & Draffen.A (2005) Brazil. Lonely Planet Guide. p. 13-62 ● Gomez.M (2005) Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas. Cambridge University Press. p. 91-97 ● Sachs.I et.al (2009) Brazil: A century of Change. The University of North Carolina Press. ● Filippo Bof & Filippo Santaniello(2006) The Geopolitics of South America: Venezuela and Brazil. http://www.eni.com/it_IT/attachments/ lavora-con-noi/pdf/GEOPOLITICA-SudAmerica.pdf ● Burns.E, Hull.R &, Lee Ralph. P (1997) World Civilizations, their history and their culture. Norton and Company. p. 775-819

32

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34

J bR '0 ^g \ &(f   12 Z, @ ;'  u0  S X* ^/ &²= , $fk Q3 @  D\ \ ^. ?k, A9/ 'O   m  ?k" 0 J 7 &* CQ  hLfk"/ h3 S k  m  D2; &/ 8 I 6. nf* s$(* C =M @ ;'  " C   ?k,   "  A/ m  + @(I D2JK  D\ f  E,2 .gO 2yO jQ3 @G A f  $] ¡R . D3 $IQ   \ 2(P'2 @0 C F)   3Y 0$ O $;I/ @  af,   G h%  + 6'o 12 Z, ‡,   M bR * w  >2* m2 …O  .  <*  \ f  ‡0: 6\ =  $  jQ3 v È*   SX  m   fM C  ‰$* . ›,  ›$ O > Q aÁI   }0 SX  m   t R I$ s\g* &/ ‡0: 12  &( f= S3'o e. C 6\* . ST ›$ O Q3 @; C( W$M: 0$ O C j & @ (P  ]  H  ¨] nR bR Y” . E,   ,  QY SX* B     2J$ (0 / $* / ‡ /   2f  b* (G @(P* &/ $ [: > ? ŽD\ f   kf Lfk" 4  &$\ [²=  $P* …" m [²= {  Žh%. 3   L \( 3 k* . Y S X* / 0A9R Z$YV Df  Qƒ, 0  *  " . E,   ,  QY SX* / 0A9R Z$YR 9 hT > ? 6 S X* ^/ Š•  "/ ¨ m Q3 &²= D2JK  D\ f  Ÿ r   Ÿ Q, R H)  + 7O C   HA…= ŽD7O &$   , "c  D]$ U  E,  b 6J* R &B# C  =$XY $;  6J* R C " @JK  L# $;  Ÿ  f  $ k  C ,'L= 'I Ÿ ?k,  I$  $M h\ ´ &/ m  + D\ f  S-B  . 9V Y/  = 9$= C$P  &$   , f* 62   K 2  0A Q…* v"I w  I$P  C S;I @ " S k  m   ';\A  Y D.$P  H'P  H'P  LY bR t    ,X  m  C ) I$¬ š], $ = $;I: m  (  ^: uM C k\m  L,  T   \ 2 ¢‚ C =  62f  /  I$'o YG C G  zf   Z 2 .

35

8 ;(* š$] C m  jQ3 Z$ k (G '3 6 , > ? ± ¡  6PO H/ «7  P O hL7/ +fž bR =t  'Ym “K    dk,  mx  0 f   .  %L,  2’ v"(= ) n  6 P*  S k  m   ';\m 12   Í‚ (  2k  S-B  Y J &/ Z$- $;I: m  j$(ž v"I  3   k  (G  m  jQt  = {  " v2)2ž "  E,  Ay W0R D2JK  D\ f . Z,  &/ ST  ‰$,\ @JK   D\ f  Z, 2 O Y: 0/ W\ s { k  W$M: Y: <     f  .  !  S;I 82¥ m ƒ 3 hIr  C  2JK   %y  E,O 8 B* y. Y @I  0A9 D$t L2(# W$M:  %y  E,O @´Y C  % '(r  2 H '(r  2 '(r A   Y = Ž  H hE   2  %y. ƒ 3  2 $(f ... ÎR . @JK   Zy  C  . DX ,  C(  '*  %y  f\gO &/ C hT$  12 "/ 3 Ÿ H  š \ 'I Ÿ ,  mR 3 bR $ k* fk" v.   "/ "  k  " " 0/ ,\ y  z$Xf*  =  Y”  2JK   %y  f\gO &²= Qt ŽL = v  h &/ @ . L2'IB   * w  @JK  "( a\, ^R D$P* ¨L ›A9R $ * bR    ' 2.R  ,* .   "   9 ^Q  { k  \  12 @JK    G  \ f   G vf\B*  1988 ^Q  D]$.U  H)  - C $-/ &I \  Q3 &/ hT   A  *L# 21 {'P  ^$(f  h(G C  ) 1964 Ÿ 1985 ( "/ mR ‡$ 7m A=0 H m  z$X\m y Ly ‰ w  ,  $;I AB  Sfk  †½$½#  n.  a f* w  ‡L\V X  @ 9k  &"  ZL = s  \ f  HY h3 \  Q3 aI ^Q  &: > ?

36

^\  . \ f  HY Ÿ 2 3 'I Ÿ heZ'" hL = h()* hL'(ž  Y : he   \ f  heLY*  G . &/ $Xf C( h2= Qt . Y S;I \ A* + 7O C   HAM \  Q3 LP L'x N2 ?R ŽL = ‘X®  £ 2  * 61 A* .   jQ3 @( 1kI . D2JK    ^/$  &/ CE´ . C(  A A  C O ^,*  2JK  S3'o H* m ?R Ž> ? ST   G "G  …"m A'G @¬ h E,  2O ,   9M \   "OK  ) &" 2 k ~ H'/ \'O "G ‡,  < @Xf .( C( C S;I &/ 2(PO  0 h%  6.  D\ f  hL2 f   . + \ f  C ž .  2 f 0A9R / &/ &  h[²= ˆ C Ž 2    @( S X \ f  …,  12 dXy2 D2JK    ^/$  I$ &²= Qt h3?k" H \ \  . ,  "(R \   H*  @;'*  =7R  $P*  0A9 s %$  q .g  \% h \$ 9R 12 *   . \  2 \  jQ3 q'f* &OK  š* 12 H)2 E"m & = Y $P* Cf s %$2 . š0  * @ af)= 6$P  š0 s %$2 .gO  \%$  h \$O jQ3 q,¬ m B  &OK  ,Y/ 12 $# O S- . &"  12 š   &OK  @P= ?R ,Y:  / @) ^= @(P +"  jQ3  *  +-A- HAM o LP., &OK  @XP, w  W$M: y  @r @ž  "OK  . \2  ] \%$  \$O &²= D2JK   d = …f´ &/ a¡ $E,   0,  C v.gO D mG jQ3  ] n¸$PO •   2'   0,  C &I &R L,  m0 . C  * 1 2* &/ a¡ .gO h \$O jQ3 @; &/ > ? 6 §0AO C @ ª. C L0$. Q, $;I: 12  +-A- &yT  `$p(  s %$  . C  D\ f  $ \m ¤OK  8 )  &²= ˆ C Ž$k  jQ3  2= q * h \$O jQ3 @; 12 š2 & 0  &,y  ³ .  \  @JK    ]$.U  \ Q, "²= $:   0  1988 ž Z, C +…,O Z\i$  6  C(¬   2T: C $ f H  8 

37

h(G Z/ C H Wf š ž  \%$  …"m ‡ /   "OK  h(G  k )O ‡0: @ . C Y   HAM C > ? .  Y m ` C  w  $k  >2* W\ Z,;\ > ? 1990 $I/ }0 1992  %$  h(0 @¦  9M =A% (0 @ (P* bR Bo ^Q   I ""S= s H´  Zf'2 ‰¸$* “L,  Qt  *  "  D…" `\/ 12 h * &OK  C $   , C .  2JK   $P  ƒ t 8 B* ) `$X"(  ( +f2x C : H: : s2x _ P  C 8 B 81 y ) m @I C Zy/ -A- ( 8 B ‡,  s2x ¤;   C 513 y ) 1 ( . s2x &/ 12 h f   Q3 Z  \\: $(k   * aP  ' ‡,  s2x  = @;U ^Q  v.   m  Å @;U _ P  . L f2  $P  ƒ t C('* m :   C ‡,  _ P  12 š k )  fO C   2]  2' +"  jQ3 $¬ &/ & +"  ^/ 12     2'  @¡ ^Q  $: +f2º @M  \ f  @(  + q * {   B , &/ 0: C(U m   T   Bf &". , 3  2   \ f  ‡0: jQt @Y: S.  y  ÅO . 2(P C ¤*  2JK   G  G &/ ,'2 ?R 2 +   " S X*  G Zm  " jZ'" SX &/ ,   0 '%. 12 J= q#$O C(U ?R Ž ^Q  $: &OK  @M  ,  D\$I 12 \2Y = DG v  @Y " 2\ " DG Z'"m  " =$0 " L% C ‡,  < af( . D%y  E,  / D2JK  D\ f  E,   ,  j &OK  C Q3 Ž@IP A "/ ¨ m Q3 C( HA \m 3,  S I 0 bR 6' =  h3J Y  y  + * h F 0 &/ D\ f  E,  H•  9  M C    D\$I 12 3 ,ƒ'  2¡  "'y  C D7 2 @k(  "(R  y  37  w  k*$O a*$  > ?   O    ,LO „$P hLk ~  -  mR ‚ C hL2= . ) 1 (  $-) " +"& " "  ( / 0   ( $/1 23 .

38

 E,  C ,;0 hŒ W C $\ )'2 @JK   D\ f "  P  IPO  =kP  " `. v2M w  ;G )2 O C ³ "  #$  h(G ."  `B m  =kP  C . @k( D2JK  E,  &/ šG= &(* &/  L4    $0 [ / t(#/ „AM 12 AV @%\= > ?  2Xf =k# a%$y  D= H/ $;  6J  2O @%fO v"$"V L   AV @%\ C   . /  2* ^ ´* m [/ 'I 7  * [R @ D\ f  ›A9V ,O   6 @   "PM P  ZY/ J*    Ï > ? C ›'  & [/ q )9  =k hI$  &/ Sf* D\ f  ›A9V 2 &B +,]O $P´* @.: 12 L,( D" SX* bR v.  $ ^g \ D'(  . S 2 k2…O  'Ym I$G / Hº q  D\ f  E,  &/ 'I $3E  ‰$m š0 L),U Lfk" C  \ f  ‡0à    @k(*  ,o h\  „$´* …"m  .$O ,o @ (P* " …"m   " D3 L,   k  ef =( …"m 12 „$#V C  ƒf 2 f ,o L3" &'y  %m  . Y* w  AyO A(PO C H   @I hT  D\ f  E,   ,2. ?R  G C  " m . ,"/ mR k" 3,7$\ w  @JK  : E" "R Q3  ]$ U & *, fž *, v'I$* v.   2 ¸$ '2I Cf) DL,* &/ / @.$* &/  G  2JK  ',  $2 C('O C &I E,  $  ‡)9/ ¶ W$M/ H   ',* ‡4 v#A* 'I 1#A*  ‡P  C4 h2= D\ \ 3 ' „$  ¸yT ^. 3  L = ST E"m C ,\ " q$  < . ."

39

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  1835 @JK  bR S C $IJ &M: @9  ,  $ \ @JK  bR  $ $3 H/ > Q +2–f S"Y ^  . / *  > ? hT Q,'= Ž$P 6\  &$   ,  \  W\    ‡$  C$YLO / @JK  ‡$ D f,  &J  J «  > ?  ¼'L ‘'®2Ì 2¹(# h®- Cª    >2* «* . ZY CQ  + ) fO C @JK  bR C=  ‡$  C$YLO a2T/ &I &,  \ C ) 1 (  Zmg3 a2T/ &I 2 2. hL,  +'2fO / v"I a3QO D–,´\ +'2fO .  }0 1908  †'o )2 v"I @f* $kf  ƒ=  ‡$  C$YLO " ^$M/  f,Y "  f,o vž hL2f* v"I ‘" 0/  "  I$  " /  " †$*/ Ÿ‡$ " /  " †$*/ Ÿ & \ ." &/ bR > ? ¸½$½ &I  †Q"  "';   2 7M v"I h ./ C ZY C=  ‡$  hE .  ‡$  @ f* / L,  @; L, ½*®/ w  H  , vž " : \ "" &, "  , /  f,Y / C'7 2½f´ &/ & A  2M . hL, Ð=m &/ hT ¨L u¥ /  =$XY . +$O + , f2k  C @ 2.  †,3 &I C$YLO + C  ‡ \: vk2M + .$  + ": v"I &R h[]/ XO hL= w

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