who were Taliban and those who were not. The entire city was bom- barded and Al Jazeera stands witness to that (1) . On his part, Al-Shou- li remarks, “all wars have collateral damage, unintended damage, or friendly fire. But what we saw in Afghanistan is that the damage and the victims were mostly targeted deliberately. A health centre was levelled to the ground with bombs, under the pretext that it had terrorists in. A wedding gathering was bombed, on claims that fighters were among the guests. These are just allegations. We have seen children and en- tire families killed by the American bombings (2) . With the accumulated experience, especially in the countries going through wars and armed conflicts, the Network quickly realised the importance of security and safety, and the need to enhance this culture among its employees and its bureaus around the world. In this regard, Al Jazeera Centre for Public Liberties and Human Rights has been offering courses on human rights and international humanitarian law since 2008. In 2011, the Centre in- cluded training on security and safety. Between 2008 and 2017, the Centre offered 44 specialised courses, some of which were conducted in coordination with international professional bodies (3) . In 2015, Al Jazeera issued a comprehensive manual, in which it developed detailed policies regarding the safety, health, and personal security of all employees on its premises, or in the field. Prepared by Michel Khoury, Director of Operations in Danger Zones, the manual includes precise mechanisms to ensure the safety of journalists in war zones and high-risk areas (4) . During its coverage of the Arab Spring rev- olutions, Al Jazeera had to deal with new challenges that surfaced in the countries where governments or non-state actors banned its work. In certain circumstances, it had to work with undisclosed sources, which brought about further risks, especially in terms of verifying the authen- ticity of the information coming from those sources. Al Jazeera Media
(1) Allouni, personal interview Ibid.
(2) Al-Shouli, personal interview, Ibid.
(3) Ibid.
(4) Occupational Safety Manual , a document for Al Jazeera staff and other workers, Al Jazeera Media Network.
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