Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12)
3D nanoarchitectures of titanium carbide MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite (rGO-Ti 3 C 2 T x ); promising anode materials for sodium ion batterries. Jessie Khungwa Ndala 1 , Duncan Gregory 2* 1 Department of chemistry and chemical engineering, University of Malawi University of Glasgow, 2 University of Glasgow, UK. E-mail: jkndala@unima.ac.mw To afford sustainable and clean energy (SDG 7), the development of batteries to store the energy is key and the discovery of new anode materials cannot be overemphasised. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are the future given the relatively widespread abundance, and low cost. 1,2 However, state of the art anode materials such as graphite cannot be used in SIBs because Na + cannot be easily accommodated in the graphite lattice. Generally, there is an urgent need to discover suitable electrode materials for SIBs. In this work, an energy-efficient microwave synthesis approach was used to prepare Ti 3 AlC 2 MAXphase which was etched to prepare Ti 2 C 2 MXene. Furthermore, a novel freeze-drying and ice-templating method was used to produce rGO-Ti 3 C 2 T x composites. The as-prepared highly porous composites displayed improved electrochemical performance when employed as SIB anode materials compared to rGO or MXene individual components in the potential window of 0.01—3.0 V (vs Na + /Na). After 200 cycles, the rGO- Ti 3 C 2 T x composite exhibited a reversible capacity of 201 mA h g —1 while the respective component Ti 3 C 2 T x and rGO samples produced low specific capacities of 83 mA h g —1 and 33.6 mA h g —1 respectively. The rGO-Ti 3 C 2 T x manifested superior rate capability and high rate cyclability. Key words: rGO-Ti 3 C 2 T x composites; freeze-casting; nanosheets; anode material; sodium ion battery (SIB) References 1. J. Li, Q. Peng, J. Zhou and Z. Sun, MoS 2 /Ti 2 CT 2 (T = F, O) Heterostructures as Promising Flexible Anodes for Lithium/ Sodium Ion Batteries, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019, 123, 11493–11499. 2. J. F. Peters, A. P. Cruz and M. Weil, Exploring the economic potential of sodium-ion batteries, Batteries , DOI:10.3390/ batteries5010010.
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