Plenary, Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG 7), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12)
Developing sodium ion chemistry for sustainable batteries
John TS Irvine School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK jtsi@st-andrews.ac.uk
Sodium-ion batteries 1 may offer lower cost, improved safety and higher sustainability, than the established lithium-ion chemistries and certainly offer a means to extend Society’s capacity to avail from renewable energy. State of the art sodium ion battery chemistry is presented focusing upon layered metal oxide positives, NaPF 6 electrolyte and hard carbon negatives. Alternative negative electrodes based upon tin and oxides will be presented seeking to e.nhance volumetric energy density. The nature of the secondary electrode interphases formed on formation and cycling will be explored looking at role of electrolyte and inorgainc interactions. A chemical route to minimize initial cycle loss will be presented. Challenges and targets to deliver the most sustainable chemistries will addressed. Key words: sodium, batteries, materials electrochemistry. References 1. Nuria Tapia-Ruiz et al 2021 J. Phys . Energy 3 031503
© The Author(s), 2025
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