Barrios et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts
(2025) 18:48
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Fig. 1 System boundary for the manufacturing of bleached hardwood kraft pulp and paper and board production
mill producing bleached fiber and employs a cradle-to- gate system boundary encompassing scopes 1, 2, and 3 for determining global warming potential (GWP). Life cycle assessment (LCA) The LCA was conducted to estimate the environmental impact of reducing energy consumption in paper manu- facturing through enhanced dewatering. The study was framed within a cradle-to-gate system boundary, as depicted in Fig. 1, to conduct an attributional LCA based on standard ISO 14040-44 [49]. The functional unit was one air-dried ton of paper product (ADt). Open-source openLCA software and the Ecoinvent 3.10 database were used [50]. The environmental impact methodology applied was TRACI 2.1, focused on reporting the GWP impact category for the assessment [51]. The life cycle inventory was obtained through process simulation using WinGems software, in which bleached hardwood fiber and paper and board production was modeled [52]. Mass and energy balance were compared with standard values reported in the technical informa- tion paper (TIP) 0404-47 (2022) for paper machine per- formance guidelines [53]. Energy consumption for virgin cartonboard production, one of the paper grades with
where NFBW is the non-freezing bound water, FBW is the freezing bound water, BW is the bound water, and FW is the free water.
Paper properties Grammage and tensile index
Handsheets were formed using a 159-mm-diameter sheet machine with a stirrer, following the TAPPI T205 standard [37]. After conditioning the handsheets following the TAPPI T402 standard (at 50% relative humidity and 23 °C), the following paper properties were measured: grammage, as per TAPPI T410; bulk, as per TAPPI T220; and tensile index, as per TAPPI T494. Only handsheets with a grammage of 60 ± 1 g/m2 were used to evaluate paper properties. Economic and environmental evaluation Life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) were conducted to estimate the energy savings, environmental impact, and economic benefits of applying cell-free enzyme technology. The analysis includes a mass and energy balance of a virgin integrated
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