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Carolina State University, supported by the State of North Carolina and the National Science Foundation (award number ECCS-2025064). This work used instrumentation at AIF acquired with support from the National Science Foundation (DMR-1726294). The AIF is a member of the North Carolina Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network (RTNN), a site in the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI). Author contributions N.B., M.G., R.V. and L.P. conceptualized the study; N.B. and M.G. acquired the data; N.B. and M.G. visualized the data; L.P. and R.V. supervised the work; L.P. obtained the funding; L.P. and R.V. were in charge of project administration. N.B. wrote the original draft; all authors reviewed, revised and approved the final manuscript. Funding The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work provided by the Alliance for Pulp and Paper Technology and Innovation (APPTI) through the award number 2020-2022.
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Data availability No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Consent for publication Not applicable.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Author details 1 Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, 431 Dan Allen Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
Received: 23 December 2024 Accepted: 8 April 2025
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