Buildings 2025 , 15 , 1702
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bio-oil-based epoxy as an adhesive in oriented strand board (OSB) production. In 2021, Hornus et al. [16] explored the partial substitution of polymeric methylene diphenyl diiso- cyanate (pMDI) with lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils in low-density OSB. That same year, Paul et al. [17] studied particleboard’s mechanical properties and formaldehyde re- lease manufactured with lignin-based adhesives. In 2020, Ayrilmis, Özbay and Kökten [18] examined the properties of OSB produced using phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesized from bio-oil derived from lignocellulosic waste. In 2018, Bandara and Wu [19] developed randomly oriented strand board composites using nanoengineered protein-based wood ad- hesive. In 2017, Hand et al. [20] substituted liquid phenol binders with soy-based adhesives for flakeboard production. In 2016, Núñez-Decap et al. [21] demonstrated the feasibility of using yeast protein extracts to formulate wood adhesives, highlighting several advantages over other plant-derived proteins. This work aims to promote the use of wood while exploring new environmentally friendly adhesives that can serve as alternatives to conventional adhesives, which are typi- cally derived from fossil fuels such as natural gas and petroleum. The limited availability of these resources, along with increasing regulations on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), has driven interest in the development of bio-based adhesives [22]. Specifically, this study focuses on evaluating the properties of oriented strand boards (OSBs) manufactured with protein-based adhesives, with the goal of matching or surpassing the performance of commercially available adhesives. The comparison primarily centers on phenol-formaldehyde adhesives and includes a review of results from other studies, with particular attention to the physical–mechanical properties and formaldehyde emissions of the OSB panels.
2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Materials
The oriented strand board (OSB) panels were fabricated using three layers of Pinus radiata D. DON flakes (with a moisture content of 4%), arranged perpendicularly to each other. The flakes were bonded using a phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesive and two green adhesives (GAs), formulated according to the method described by Núñez-Decap et al. [14], 2023. The properties of the adhesives are summarized in Table 1. Each panel measured 400 mm in length, 400 mm in width, and 12 mm in thickness. Both the wood flakes and adhesives were provided by PRODIMA-LAB (Concepción, Chile).
Table1. Characterization of the phenol formaldehyde and green adhesives.
pH Electrical Conductivity (mS) Density (kg/m 3 ) Solid Content (%)
Viscosity (cP)
Adhesives ID
Mean
Mean 12.19
Mean 27.45
Mean
Mean 45.20 51.87 49.11
PF
204 406 198
1257 1262 1258
GA1 GA2
5.47 5.70
3.6
12.1
2.2. Manufacture of OSB Samples Using Different Wood Adhesives The flakes were sorted by a sieve in a drawer with the dimensions of the target board (40 cm × 40 cm) and separated into three layers. The flakes in the first layer were oriented in one direction, the second layer was oriented perpendicular to the first, and the third layer was oriented in the same direction as the first. The adhesives were applied at a sizing ratio of 7%.
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