iPSCs
Transcription
The process of genes being copied by strands of mRNA
Patient-specific
When a treatment is designed for one person usually to try and limit the risk of rejection
Transcriptomes
The sum total of all the messenger RNA molecules expressed from the genes of an organism
miRNA
Micro RNA, typically 21-23 nucleotides
Fibroblasts
A cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibres
Oncogene
A gene that when altered may lead to a cell becoming cancerous
srRNA
Self-Replicating RNA
Electroporation
The process of introducing genetic material into cells using a pulse of electricity to briefly open the pores in the cell membranes
oriP
A region of the Epstein-Barr virus DNA
Epstein-Barr
Gammaherpesvirus 4
Nanog
A transcription factor
Lin28
A transcription factor
Homodimer
A dimer made up of two identical subunits
Transgene
A gene which is artificially introduced into the genome of another organism
PBMCs
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
EF-iPSCs
Exogenous DNA-free induced pluripotent stem cells
Mutagenesis
The process by which an organism's DNA change, resulting in a gene mutation
Oncogenesis
The process through which healthy cells become transformed into cancer cells
Supercoiled DNA
The amount of twist in a particular DNA strand, which determines the amount of strain on it Origin of replication, a section of DNA sequence which is recognized by a cell's DNA replication Proteins, allowing initiation of new DNA synthesis
ORI
Polycistronic
Sections of RNA that code for multiple proteins
Minicircle
Small circular sections of genetic code
In vitro
Taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism
In vivo
Taking place in a living organism
Retrovirus
A family of RNA viruses that have an enzyme capable of making complementary DNA copies A family of viruses that can cause infections in the respiratory tract, eye, and gastrointestinal tract
Adenovirus
Exogenous
Growing or originating from outside an organism
Recombinase
Catalyses site-specific recombination events within DNA
Transfection
The process of deliberately introducing purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells
Ectopic
Occurring in an abnormal position or in an unusual manner or form
Nucleofection
An electroporation-based transfection method which enables transfer of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA into cells by applying a specific voltage and reagents A distinct component of vector DNA consisting of a gene and regulatory sequence to be expressed
Expression cassette
Off-target effects
Nonspecific and unintended genetic modifications
Microinjection
The use of a micropipette to inject a liquid substance at a microscopic level
Minicircle
Small circular replicons
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