https://www.williams.com/energy-insights/how-does- natural-gas-become-electricity/#:~:text=Pipelines%20 gather%20the%20natural%20gas,to%20utilities%2C%20 including%20power%20plants (last visited Aug. 29, 2025).
Power Consumption? , G oldman S achs (Jan. 23, 2025), https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/is- nuclear-energy-the-answer-to-ai-data-centers-power- consumption. [39] See C arbon D irect , supra note 36; G oldman S achs , supra note 38. [40] T reas . R eg . § 1.45Q, et seq. [41] Tax Credits Drive Carbon Capture Deployment in our Annual Energy Outlook , U.S. E nergy I nformation A dmin . (July 18, 2025), https://www.globalccsinstitute. com/news-media/latest-news/u-s-preserves-and- increases-45q-credit-in-one-big-beautiful-bill-act/. [42] Credit for Carbon Oxide Sequestration , I nternal R evenue S ervice (last updated May 29, 2025), https:// www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/credit-for-carbon-oxide- sequestration. [43] Fact Sheet: The One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 , C arbon C apture C oalition (June 2025), https://carboncapturecoalition.org/wp-content/ uploads/2025/07/OBBB-fact-sheet.pdf. [44] Id. [45] Senate Passes Budget Reconciliation Package, Retains Mission-Critical Elements of Federal Section 45Q Tax Credit , C arbon C apture C oalition (July 1, 2025), https://carboncapturecoalition.org/senate-passes-budget- reconciliation-package-retains-mission-critical-elements- of-federal-section-45q-tax-credit/. [46] U. S. Preserves and Increases 45Q Credit in “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” , G lobal CCS I nstitute (July 8, 2025), https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/news-media/latest- news/u-s-preserves-and-increases-45q-credit-in-one-big- beautiful-bill-act/. [47] C arbon D irect , supra note 36. [48] See EPA Proposes to Approve Texas’ Application to Administer Class VI Underground Injection Well Program , U.S. E nvironmental P rotection A gency ( June 9, 2025), https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa- proposes-approve-texas-application-administer-class-vi- underground-injection-well.
[13] Id. [14] Id.
[15] Why Gas Pipelines are the Unsung Heroes of AI Data Center Expansion , I/O F und (Mar. 18, 2025), https://io- fund.com/renewable-energy/data-center/ai-data-center- expansion-gas-pipelines.
[16] Id. [17] Id. [18] Id. [19] Id. [20] Id. [21] Id. [22] Id. [23] Id. [24] Id.
[25] Zachary Skidmore, Welcome to Gas Land - how natural gas is powering the US AI boom, D ata C enter D ynamics (May 1, 2025), https://www. datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/welcome-to-gas- land-how-natural-gas-is-powering-the-us-ai-boom/. [26] Id. [27] Ed Crooks, What the “big beautiful bill” means for US energy, W ood M ackenzie (July 11, 2025), https:// www.woodmac.com/blogs/energy-pulse/big-beautiful- bill-us-energy/. [28] Id. [29] Jesse Cohen, Tyler Fitch & Lauren Shwisberg, Gas Turbine Supply Constraints Threaten Grid Reliability; More Affordable Near-Term Solutions Can Help , RMI (June 18, 2025), https://rmi.org/gas-turbine-supply- constraints-threaten-grid-reliability-more-affordable-near- term-solutions-can-help/.
[30] Id. [31] Id. [32] Id. [33] Id. [34] Id. [35] Id.
[49] Id. [50] Id.
[51] Texas Clears Penultimate Hurdle to Class VI Primacy: What it Means for CCS and State-Led Permitting , JD S upra (June 13, 2025), https://www. jdsupra.com/legalnews/texas-clears-penultimate-hurdle- to-4888343/. [52] See id. [53] C arbon D irect , supra note 36. [54] See Steel, Ammonia and AI? Oh my! What Can’t Our CCS Help Decarbonize? , E xxon M obil ( Dec. 11,
[36] Carbon Capture for Natural Gas-Fired Power Generation , C arbon D irect (Mar. 3, 2025), https:// www.carbon-direct.com/insights/carbon-capture-for- natural-gas-fired-power-generation-an-opportunity-for- hyperscalers. [37] Id. [38] Id. ; Is Nuclear Energy the Answer to AI Data Centers’
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