Intersectionality: Gender, Race and CVD Risk “Intersectionality” reflects the importance of how gender, race and class experiences interact to produce health inequities and is relevant when considering CVD risk. 30 Being a woman and also being a Black woman presents unique experiences that influ- ence access to health, attitudes toward health and healthy lifestyle choices, all of which affect CVD risk. Women are not a homogeneous group. Racism is an established determinant of cardiovascular health outcomes that can’t be ignored when considering the health risks for women in minority populations. 31
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISPARITIES IN WOMEN: ACTIONS TO ADDRESS DISPARITIES
Education
Physical Environment Limited access to green space Housing instability Rurality Improve access and quality of built environment Telehealth
Low literacy Lack of higher education Educational policies Improved awareness and health literacy Vocational training
Health Care System Lack of health insurance Provider unavailability
Economic Stability Low income and debt
Unaffordability of quality food Economic policies Subsidized food options
Poor quality of care Health care policies Value based care Innovative health care delivery
Social Support Low community engagement
Sexual Orientation Sex and gender bias Discrimination and victimization
Poor social integration Promote social resilience and networks
High risk factors in LBGTQ+ Bias training Inclusion in trials
Cultural and Language Linguistic and cultural barriers Access to interpreter Cultural sensitivity training
Systemic Racism
Implicit and explicit bias Limited access to financial, health and physical environmental resources Bias mitigation Health care workforce diversity Apply social justice lens to policy and practice
Negative Impact
Positive Impact
Adapted from: Lindley, K.J. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(19):1919-1929 | https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.011
30 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6286284/ 31 https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/heq.2021.0077
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