Obesity during pregnancy is associated with coronary artery disease, insulin resistance and a low-grade inflammatory state, all causing predisposition to CVD. 43 Gestational diabetes is an independent risk factor for developing CVD later in life. 44 Pre-term delivery is reported to increase future risk of CVD. 45 Menopause Transition (typically 40s-50s) 46 During perimenopause , higher risks for major depressive episodes and anxiety are strong - ly linked to increased CVD risk. Sleep disturbances are common and linked to greater CVD risk. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with menopause and may increase type 2 diabetes risk. 47 Post Menopausal Transition (typically 50s+) Prevalence of hypertension increases beyond that of men after age 64 and affects women more severely than men. 48 Women have longer life expectancies than men , so are more likely to experience age-relat - etodemxpoerbriiednitcieess,tdroiskaebsilwitiythanwdodrseemoeunttcioam. Aess.women age, they are more likely than men 49 PCOS, Obesity, Diabetes and CVD: A Complex Relationship Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects 10–13% of women and is one of the most common causes of infertility. 50 According to the CDC, women with PCOS are often insulin resistant and at increased risk for developing the following serious health problems, especially if they are overweight: 51 • Diabetes : More than half of women with PCOS develop type 2 diabetes by age 40. • Gestational diabetes : Puts the pregnancy and baby at risk and can lead to type 2 diabetes later in life for both mother and child. • Heart disease : Women with PCOS are at higher risk and risk increases with age. • High blood pressure : Can damage the heart, brain and kidneys. • High LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low HDL (“good”) cholesterol : Increases risk for heart disease. • Sleep apnea : Causes breathing to stop during sleep and raises the risk for heart disease and type 2 diabetes. • Stroke : Plaque that clogs blood vessels (from cholesterol and white blood cells) can lead to blood clots that can cause a stroke. • PCOS is also linked to depression and anxiety though the connection is not fully understood.
43 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478041/ 44 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7478041/ 45 https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.072
46 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000912 47 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378512218305395 48 https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/selected-womens-health-disparities 49 https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2020/jul/transforming-primary-health-care-women-part-1-framework 50 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895 51 https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/pcos.html#:~:text=Women%20with%20PCOS%20can%20develop,2%20diabetes%20by%20age%2040
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