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table of
Association
Advertisers Index ............................................. Advertising Opportunities .............................. Amnesty Program ............................................ Bylaws ............................................................. Calendar of Events ........................................... Committees ..................................................... Digital Suffolk ................................................... Directors ........................................................... Fees/Services .................................................. Financial Report ............................................... Futurity Program .............................................. GAP Program ..................................................... Hall of Fame ...................................................... Meet Your Board of Directors .......................... Member Benefits ............................................. Member List ..................................................... Membership Application .................................. Mission/Vision Statement ............................... Office Staff ....................................................... Online Sales ...................................................... Percentage Program ....................................... President’s Letter ............................................ Presidents/Secretaries ................................... Ram Sale Listings ............................................. Registrations by Member ................................. Registrations by State...................................... Registry Programs ........................................... State Suffolk Associations .............................. Suffolk Resource Library ................................. The Suffolk Event ............................................. USSA Districts ................................................... Visit Us Online ................................................... Webinars ...........................................................
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Find a breeder
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foundation
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Contents
Juniors
2024 Contests Winners ................................ Calendar of Events ....................................... Directors/Interns ......................................... Junior Member List ....................................... Meet Your Junior Board ................................ National Junior Suffolk Show ....................... President’s Message .................................... Regional Junior Shows.................................. Sponsor List ................................................. Virtual Contests ........................................... What is the UJSSA? ....................................... About ............................................................ Contributing to the Foundation................... Director Insights …………………………............... Director Listing ............................................ Donor Recognition ....................................... Starter Flock Ewe Grant .............................. Scholarship Program ................................... Semen Catalog ............................................. Suffolk LEADS program………………................ Young Producers Travel Grant ………............. 104 95 92 94 95 100 92 93 93 98 104 106 113 112 106 107 108 110 116 115 111 Body Condition Score .................................. Breed Standard............................................ Breeding Programs ..................................... Carcass Evaluation ...................................... Cooking with Lamb…………………………........... Digital Toolbox ............................................. Evaluating Teeth to Determine Age ............ Ewe Evaluation ............................................ Genetic Conditions ..................................... Glossary of Sheep Terms ............................ Suffolk History ............................................ Mamas and Milkers ................................... Head and Mouth Soundness ....................... Ram Evaluation ........................................... Selection and Heritability ........................... Structural Correctness ................................ Suffolk Breed and Club Lamb Industry…..... Suffolk Facts …………………………………............ The Agriculture Multiplier………………............ Resource Library 33 22 44 39 42 18 32 35 24 24 21 49 29 34 36 30 46 28 47 Foundation
junior Association
calendar of Events
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Dennis Sorensen
PAST PRESIDENTS + SECRETARIES
1940-1942 1943 1945-1949 1951 1953-1954 1955 1956-1957 1958-1967 1968-1969 1970-1972 1973-1974 1975-1976 1978 1979-1982 1983-1984 1985-1987 1988-1990 1990-1991 1991-1992 1993 1994-1996 1997-1998 1999-2000 2001-2002 2003-2004 2005-2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012-2014 2015 2016-2017 2018-2019 2020-2022 2023-2024 2025
C.A. Williams, Middleville, MI Phil Hopkins, MI G.B. Vance, Washington Court House, OH Fred Dickes, IN G.B. Vance, Washington Court House, OH Fred Dickes, IN William L. Morrison, VA
Bill Hurst Bill Hurst Ruth Day Ruth Day Ruth Day/Betty Biellier
All rights reserved. Use of information from the Suffolk Source is prohibited unless permission is granted by the United Suffolk Sheep Association.
Pearson L. Linn, Bucyrus, OH John Shonkwiler, Neosho, MO Richard L. Roe, St. Ansgar, IA John Shonkwiler, Neosho, MO Richard L. Roe, St. Ansgar, IA Charles W. Hunter, Blanco, TX Darrell Anderson, Windham, MN Robert Hall Jr., Lexington, KY Tim Hall, Dalmatia, PA William Hoppes, Tiffin, OH John Sponaugle, Grottoes, VA DuWayne Swenson, Dawson, MN Donna Ostermeyer, Greenfield, IN Tom Burke, Platte City, MO David Bogue, Beresford, SD John Eagle, Applegate, OR Farrell Wankier, Salt Lake City, UT Bob Wagner, Nunn, CO Bill MacCauley, Atglen, PA Jim Heggemeier, Platte City, MO Bob Wagner, Nunn, CO Tom Burke, Platte City, MO Bob Wagner, Nunn, CO Bill MacCauley, Atglen, PA Rob Zelinsky, Brookings, SD DIane Russell, Eaton, IN Paul Skartvedt, Radcliffe, IA Matt Beals, Kirwin, KS Jeremy Geske, New Prague, MN Greg Ahart, Sacramento, CA Dennis Sorensen, IL
Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Betty Biellier Kathy Krafka Kathy Krafka
1929 1932 1933 1938 1950 1956 1957 1958 1960 1962 1965 1967 1968 1976 1978 1980 1982 1985 1987 1990 1995 1998
S.P. Nielsen, Nephi, UT Ralph Brough, Nephi, UT S.P. Nielsen, Nephi, UT James Laidlaw, Muldoon, ID R.W. Winn, Nephi, UT Walter P. Hubbard, Monroe, OR Fred Laidlaw, Carey, ID Lawson Howland Morris Powell, Craig, CO Allan Jenkins, Newton, UT J. Alden Olsen, Spanish Fork, UT Dwight Stone, Medicine Lodge, KS Joe Holbrook, Soda Springs, ID Robert Paasch, Chicago Park, CA Fred Coble, Winters, CA Fred Laidlaw, Carey, ID
C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson C.W. Hodgson Allan Jenkins Veneal Jenkins Veneal Jenkins Veneal Jenkins Veneal Jenkins Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson
David Vanheuvelen David Vanheuvelen David Vanheuvelen Dave Koostra Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Annette Benson Amanda Everts Amanda Everts Amanda Everts Amanda Everts Amanda Everts Amanda Everts Amanda Everts Amanda Everts
Merle Stadeli, Silverton, OR Hal Yeager, Fort Collins, CO Roger Sanders, Mullins, TX Jim Caras, Spanish Fork, UT Craig Van Arkel, Grinnell, IA John Eagle, Applegate, OR Remained President Through Merger
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Letter from the 2024-2025 President
I’m excited to share the contents of this Suffolk Source with you! In addition to a membership directory, breeder ads, and numerous educational articles, this publication showcases many of the accomplishments of the USSA Directors and our Executive Secretary, Amanda Everts, UJSSA Junior Association and the Foundation. The new Board took office in January and it wasn’t long before the directors were back to work developing strategies to fulfill their respective committee goals. The following is a synopsis of what to expect from a few of your USSA committees this year. The Committee for the Suffolk Event (June 6-8, 2025) has scheduled a variety of educational sessions that will be of interest to everyone including the youth, newer members and seasoned veterans. Consignors to our National Sale on Saturday, June 7, will bring their best for display at the Friday evening preview. At the banquet on Saturday evening, you can expect great food, entertainment, and the induction of two outstanding Suffolk breeders to the Hall of Fame. Sunday will convene with a meditative opportunity before launching into an exciting Junior Show. For the youth, Junior Coordinator Isaac Lewis and his UJSSA Board have exciting things in store! Members of the Marketing & Outreach Committee represent the many market segments of the Suffolk breed. Recently, the committee surveyed and analyzed reasons why people join the United Suffolk Sheep Association and the United Junior Suffolk Sheep Association to help drive future association marketing programs. With that information, the committee helps craft advertising and social media campaigns to promote the many reasons why it pays to raise Suffolks.
The Breed Improvement Committee got to work early establishing various projects which include: * A Suffolk art project that can be integrated into various marketing programs * The impact of the dwarf gene as well as potential policy recommendations * Promotion of the Suffolk market lamb and the development of evaluation guidelines * Establishment of a value added certification program for Suffolk Rams * Researching data and reporting on Suffolk growth curves * Impact on genetic diversity within the breed and how it applies in breeding programs Along with the Junior Coordinator and the Executive Secretary, the Junior Committee has been assisting with planning of the Junior Show and the Banquet at the Event. The Junior Committee has also taken on the task of evaluating and if needed, making recommendations for improvements within the Futurity Program. As you can see, there is a lot going on within the United Suffolk Sheep Association and we hope that you find that your membership in the USSA helps you achieve more of your Suffolk goals. Feel free to provide feedback to any one of the directors. Your opinions and suggestions are appreciated! Thanks for being a member of the USSA so we can all prosper together. It is a privilege to serve as your President! I look forward to seeing you at Suffolk events throughout the year.
Amanda Everts
Executive Secretary
amanda@suffolks.org
P.O. Box 121 • Holland, IA 50642 office: 641.684.5291 fax: 734.335.7646 Email : info@suffolks.org website: suffolks.org Association Contact
Regards,
Dennis Sorensen
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USSA
Districts
FEES + SERVICES MEMBERSHIP DUES (Effective 1/1/25) New Membership | $50/year Paid prior to March 1 | $75/year Paid after March 1 | $90/year UJSSA Dues | $15 (Junor, Age 21 and under)
Junior Chris Auville – chair Isaac Lewis Breed Improvement Bill Zwyers– chair 2024-2025 Committees
Include name, flock or ranch name, address, city, state, zip and phone number. Juniors include birthday. Membership forms can be found on the association website. Send to USSA, P.O. Box 121, Holland, IA 50642. MEMBER RATES Registration | $10/head
Animal registered within one year of birth. Late Registration | $20/head Animals over 1 year old. Re-Registration* | $20 Transfer of Ownership | $8/head Within Family Transfer | $5/head
Jack Blattner, Lloyd McCabe, Michael Jensen, Chase Carson, Joe Emenheiser, Isaac Swortzel, Jay Harris, Val Slack, Case Rundel, John Baglien, Joe Emenheiser Event Diane Russell – chair
NON-MEMBER RATES Registration | $25 Re-Registration* | $50
Bill Fulton, Jeremy Geske, Chris Auville, Brenda Reau, John Baglien, Michael Jensen, Isaac Lewis, John Scott
*A re-registration fee is incurred when a registration paper has been provided from another Suffolk organization for entry into the USSA records. A copy of the original certificate from another other organization must be submitted. Additional fees may apply for multiple generations. RUSH FEES Needed within 72 hours | $25/head Needed in less than 14 days | $15/head OTHER FEES Sire/Breeding Verification Feed | $15/head For registry work submitted that does not have a signature or any approval from the owner of the sire. A fee will be charged if the office initiates the approval from the owner of the sire to register lambs. Duplicate Certificates | $5 Must be the recorded owner Corrected Certificates | $5 Must be the recorded owner Christening | $25 (Naming of ram or ewe) Extended Pedigrees | 5 Generations | $10 For accounts 90 past due, a finance charge of 1% per month will be applied. Payment methods include check, credit card (call the office) or PayPal (link on the USSA website.)
Marketing & Outreach Kathy Krafka Harkema – chair Jack Blattner, Case Rundel, Jay Harris, Stephan Jarman, Val Slack, Cassandra Skal Budget/Business Development Carol Heupel - chair John Scott
Hall of Fame Dennis Sorensen – chair Wayne Skartvedt and Randy Hodges
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“To define, register, promote and improve the Suffolk breed to provide leadership for the advancement and future of the entire U.S. Sheep Industry.” USSA Mission Statement Find us on social media! united suffolk sheep association Facebook @UnitedSuffolk Facebook Group - Suffolk Sheep Marketplace Instagram @UnitedSuffolkSheep united junior suffolk sheep association Facebook @JuniorSuffolk united suffolk sheep foundation Facebook @SuffolkSheepFoundation Instagram @SuffolkSheepFoundation digital suffolk Facebook Group - Digital Suffolk
“To be the most innovative, value adding, member-driven sheep breed organization for an evolving U.S. Sheep Industry.” USSA Vision Statement visit us online! suffolks.org coming events | join our mailing list | membership registration | ujssa | show & sale results | much more!
Instagram @ujssa1 Snapchat @ujssa
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e-blast The Ussa will create a specialized e-blast for each customer. Advertising Opportunities member pricing: $100 - single/first blast $50 - Resend website banner ads pricing below is for camera-ready banner ads. The ussa can design banner ads for $50 (members). ad size - 400 px x 110 px non-member pricing: $200 - per blast
State California Suffolk and Hampshire Sheep Breeders Association Cshsba.org Scott Layne, 916-716-0089, sdlayne@sbcglobal.net Illinois Suffolk Breeders’ Association Facebook: IL Suffolk Breeders Association Email: ilsuffolkbreedersassoc@gmail.com President: Ryan Keever - 309-509-1152, ryan.keever@agreliantgenetics.com Secretary/Treasurer: Melissa Sullivan - 309-310-7319, melissa.royerhahn@merck.com Iowa Suffolk Sheep Association President: Barb Stewart - 641-521-7981 barb.stewart56@gmail.com Secretary/Treasurer: Teresa Harker - 319.430.4748, Teresa@rek-rah.com Facebook @iowasuffolksheepassociation Minnesota Suffolk Sheep Association President/ contact Jeremy Geske, 612-756-1200, Jeremy.geske@gmail.com Missouri Suffolk Sheep Association Facebook: Missouri Suffolk Sheep Association President: Amanda Dobson, phone: 660-232-1433, email: adobson.rvt@gmail.com Vice President: Jeff Baumann, phone: 816-390-4151, email: jbaumann@savannahr3.com Secretary/Treasurer: Chris Mallett, phone: 660-216-6898, email: chris.mallett.16@gmail.com Northeast Suffolk Sheep Association President: Josh Miller 518-231-8113, millers@midtel.net Treasurer: Janet Hukowicz 413-204-7248, jhukowic@smith.edu Ohio Suffolk Sheep Association Facebook: Ohio Suffolk Sheep Association Secretary: Tom Begg 419-348-3190, tombegg156@gmail.com Pennsylvania Suffolk Sheep Association President: Jodie Hoover, jodielhoover@gmail.com, 724-825-6123 Secretary: Deb Bollinger, dsbollinger@dejazzd.com, 717-808-1582 South Dakota Suffolk Sheep Association President: Jim Van Dyke, vandykeseed@gmail.com, 605-770-1095 Secretary: Ron Wolff, sheep4u@drtel.net, 701-710-0129 Wisconsin Suffolk Sheep Association President: Kevin Slack Secretary /Treasurer: Diana Wilinski - dianawilinski@gmail.com, 608-214-1367 Facebook @WisconsinSuffolkSheepAssoc https://sites.google.com/site/wisconsinsuffolkassociation/ Associations
member pricing: $20 - week $40 - month $200 - 6 months $350 - year
non-member pricing: $40 - week $80 - month $350 - 6 months $600 - year
web packages member pricing: $20 - week $40 - month $200 - 6 months $350 - year
non-member pricing: $40 - week $80 - month $350 - 6 months $600 - year
Ussa Bylaws
the ussa bylaws can be found at suffolks.org > about > director/staff
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directors Board of
Joe Emenheiser - (exp. 2026) East District 2672 Weybridge Rd Weybridge, VT 05753 717-246-2416 joe.emenheiser@gmail.com Bill Zwyers - (exp. 2025) East District 9050 N 675 W Thorntown, IN 46071 765-490-4260 wez1950@aol.com Diane Russell - (exp. 2026) East District 3500 E CR 700 N Eaton, IN 47338 765-749-0287 russellsheepcollc@gmail.com Chris Auville - (exp. 2025) East District 501 Knightly Mill Rd. Mt. Sidney, VA 24467 540-820-4927 cjauville@gmail.com Isaac Swortzel - (exp. 2027) East District 399 Indian Ridge Road Greenville, VA 24440 540-292-9353 imswortzel@gmail.com Lloyd McCabe - (exp. 2025) West District 7933 Jahn Rd. Dixon, CA 95620 707-592-6725 lmbarmacfarms@gmail.com
Dennis sorensen - (exp. 2027) President East District 1291 E 3200 N Chebanse, IL 60992 815-450-8722 dsorensen354@gmail.com jack blattner - (exp. 2027) Vice President West District 6957 Robinson Rd. Kuna, ID 83634 208-859-0111 blattner.jw@gmail.com Carol Heupel Treasurer 27488 County Road 5 Weldona, CO 80653 970-768-1291 heupelfarms@gmail.com
John Scott - (exp. 2025) West District 41438 185th Ave. Kilkenny, MN 56052 612-963-4629 John.scott@phblawoffice.com Michael Jensen - (exp. 2026) West District 33564 Hwy E 34 Castana, IA 51010 712-420-2181 mdebjensen@gmail.com Kathy Krafka Harkema - (exp. 2027) West District 908 525th Ave. Montezuma, IA 50171 641-891-4381 krafkaharkemasuffolks@gmail.com
These are your representatives. You have entrusted to them, individually and as a group, the responsibility of operating your Association effectively and efficiently. A task not taken lightly. They not only welcome, but seek your input and opinions. Every thought is a contribution. So please be active in your Association. Members who would like to run for an open USSA District Director position should submit a written intent by August 1st. The intent to can be emailed, faxed or mailed to the USSA Office, phone calls are not accepted. Also, please review the eligibility requirement in the USSA Bylaws under Article V. Directors.
John Baglien - (exp. 2026) West District 790 Cemetery Hill Road SE Jefferson, OR 97352 541-908-4977 jsbaglien@gmail.com
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sales, record breeding certificates, record performance data, create virtual matings and much more. Digital Suffolk is a true online data entry system that can dramatically reduce the turn- around time for registry work. Electronic registration papers are available as soon as payment is submitted that members can print - and are authenticated by a QR code which directs you to a particular animal’s registry information in real-time. This system replaces the USSA’s old registry. Digital Suffolk allows you to record your entire lamb crop, but only pay for the ones you register. No other sheep breed association offers a state-of-the-art registry software program with these advanced capabilities. With the implementation of Digital Suffolk the USSA continues to be one of the most progressive purebred sheep associations. SCAN THE QR CODE to try it out!
Digital Suffolk is an extensive flock data management software program for USSA and UJSSA members. Used by many of the beef associations, this software not only allows members to process registry work in real-time but also provides a number of tools including a real-time searchable database with the ability to upload photos, track semen digital suffolk? Why
true online data entry real-time searchable database option to add photos track/record performance data send files to nsip create sale catalogs option for whole flock reporting option of electronic papers instant e-papers as soon as bill is paid billing ease track semen (ai/et) sales, permission online instant breeding certificate virtual marketplace excel data upload for registry
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS CAN I PRINT A PEDIGREE FROM THE SYSTEM MYSELF? Yes, registrations can be printed as needed after payment is made. CAN I STILL REGISTER MY SHEEP THE OLD WAY AND JUST SEND MY INFORMATION TO THE ASSOCIATION? Yes, registration applications can be submitted to the Suffolk Office for processing. Can i see sheep registered to my children or grand children?
Will i be able to do whole flock reporting on the system? Yes, it is hoped that more breeders will use that option to expand our data base and make our data more accurate. What flock management tools are available through digital suffolk? There are numerous tools members can use including: • Whole flock reporting - fees only apply for registered lambs • Record any animal health treatments • Create virtual matings • Generate progeny reports • Create lambing reports • Research pedigrees of any sheep in the database How much of my entered information can be accessed by non- ussa members? Non-members can only search by registration number or generic flock ID search to see an animal’s standard registration information, progeny and NSIP data (for enrolled sheep). Non-members do not have access to complete inventories, status code changes, or member account/ billing information.
Yes, when the Suffolk Office creates a login for you be sure to communicate the youth membership related to your flock to link access. my neighbor leased a ram from me, can i give him permission to register lambs? Yes, you can record leases for a particular ram and link it to another Suffolk breeder. You can either record a short time frame of use or you can provide a blanket breeding certificate for a ram(s) that you may manage.
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calendar April 21 USSA Ewe Lamb Showcase Online Sale - wlivestock.com April 24 Suffolk Event sale Early Bird Entry Deadline (for all breeds catalog) - www.suffolks.org May 1 Suffolk Event sale Entry Deadline - www.suffolks.org Suffolk Event Registration Deadline - www.suffolks.org Suffolk Event Junior Show Entry Deadline - www.suffolks.org UJSSA Director/Intern Application Deadline - www.suffolks.org Semen Sale/Suffolk Foundation Fundraiser Sale - wlivestock.com May 5 USSA Online Sheep and Equipment Consignment Sale wlivestock.com May 8-10 Ohio Showcase Sale, Greenville, Ohio www.selectls.net, LIVE @breedersworld.com May 19 All-American Junior Show Online Semen Sale ~ Benefit Fundraiser (Suffolk Semen Available) www.integritylivestocksales.com May 25 National Junior Suffolk Show Entry Deadline www.allamericanjuniorshow.com May 29 - 31 Nugget All-American Show & Sale, Sparks, Nevada LIVE @wlivestock.com June 1 UJSSA Decorate Unity Contest - www.suffolks.org June 6-8 The Suffolk Event, Springfield, Illinois - www.suffolks.org June 7
2025 ussa Online Sales April 21 USSA Ewe Lamb Showcase Online Sale wlivestock.com May 1 Semen Sale/ Suffolk Foundation Fundraiser Sale wlivestock.com May 5 USSA Online Sheep and Equipment Consignment Sale wlivestock.com
October 20 USSA Bred Ewe & Ewe Lamb Online Sale integritylivestocksales.com
2025 Webinar Listings October 14 Application Tips: Youth Scholarships and Other Programs Presented by the United Suffolk Sheep Foundation www.suffolks.org
September 16 Acidosis: Identify, Treatment and Current Research
Katherine Purvis www.suffolks.org
National Suffolk Sale, Springfield, Illinois www.suffolks.org or breedersworld.com
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scan to stay up-to- date on our full calendar of events!
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of events June 8 Suffolk Event Junior Suffolk Show, Springfield, Illinois www.suffolks.org June 13-14 National Junior Suffolk Show in conjunction with All-American Junior Show, Springfield, Illinois www.allamericanjuniorshow.com July 26 Center of the Nation NSIP Sale - www.nsip.org spencer, iowa August 1 USSA Director - Letter of intent due to run for the USSA Board August 31 UJSSA Suffolk Culinary Showdown Contest Submission Deadline - www.suffolks.org September 16 suffolk webinar - Acidosis: Identify, Treatment and Current Research, Katherine Purvis - www.suffolks.org October 1 Deadline: Election Ballots (postmark date) October 14 Midwest Stud Ram Sale, Sedalia, Missouri www.midwestsale.com, LIVE @dvauction.com July 3-6 Suffolk Webinar - Application Tips: Youth Scholarships and Other Programs - Presented by the United Suffolk Sheep Foundation - www.suffolks.org October 20 USSA Bred Ewe & Ewe Lamb Online Sale integritylivestocksales.com November 1 UJSSA Virtual Skill-a-thon Submission Deadline www.suffolks.org November 13-19 North American International Livestock Exposition Louisville, Kentucky www.livestockexpo.org
2025 Ram Sale Listings April 12 California Ram Sale Tulare, CA californiawoolgrowers.org or Facebook May 8-10
August 2 Jamestown Ram Sale Jamestown, ND More details - ndsheep.org or ndlwpa@gmail.com August 23 Virginia Ram Test & Sale Raphine, VA facebook.com/VARamTest September 9 Wyoming Ram Sale Douglas, WY wyowool.com/ramsale Sept 10 - 11 Montana Ram Sale Miles City, MT mtsheep.org or Facebook September 17 Hettinger Ram Sale Hettinger, ND More details - ndsheep.org or ndlwpa@gmail.com Sept 18-19 Newell Ram Sale Newell SD Ram Sale Complex newellramsale.com or Facebook/dvauction.com October 3 & 4 The National Ram Sale Heber City, Utah nationalramsale.com October 9 Utah Ram Sale Spanish Fork, Utah utahramsale.com or Facebook
Ohio Showcase Greenville, OH Selectls.net or
breedersworld.com May 29 – May 31 All-American Nugget Sale Sparks, NV Wlivestock.com June 6-8 The Suffolk Event/ National Suffolk Sale Springfield, IL Suffolks.org & breedersworld.com June 13-14 Midwest Stud Ram Sale Sedalia, MO www.midwestsale.com & dvauction.com July 11-12 Idaho State Ram Sale Filer, Idaho www.idahowoolgrowers.org July 19 Washington State Sheep Producers Moses Lake, WA wssp.org July 26 NSIP Center of the Nation Sale Spencer, IA Nsip.org August 2 Willamette Valley Ram & Ewe Sale Scio, OR facebook.com/WVRES
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resource library Suffolk HISTORY OF THE SUFFOLK BREED
The Suffolk breed, an original English breed, was the result of crossing Southdown rams on Norfolk Horned ewes. The product of this cross was determined to be a great improvement over either one of the parents. Although the Suffolk was a recognized breed as early as 1810, the flock book was not closed until much later. In 1830, Southdowns were described as large sheep without horns, dark faces and legs, fine bones and long small necks. They were gray to mouse brown on the face and legs. They were low set in front with high shoulders and light forequarters; however, their sides were good, rather broad in the loin and were full in the thigh and twist. Today’s Suffolk derives its meatiness and quality wool from the old original British Southdown. The Norfolk Horned sheep, now rare, were a wild and hardy breed. They were black faced, light, fleeced sheep. Both sexes were horned. The upland regions of Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridge on the southeastern coast of England are very rugged and forage is sparse. It was this dry, cold and windy area in which the Norfolk breed adapted itself to traveling great distances for food, thereby developing a superbly muscular body. It was said at that time of the Norfolk Horned, “their limbs are long and muscular, their bodies are long and their general form betokens activity and strength.” This breed and its crosses were valued highly both by farmers and butchers. However, sheepmen of that day did not like the long legs, flat sides, nor wild nature of the Norfolk Horned. They noted that
Southdowns crossed with Norfolks produced a progeny that reduced most of the criticisms of both breeds. In 1886, the English Suffolk Society was organized to provide registry service and to further develop the use of the breed. Through selection and careful breeding by many great English sheepmen, the Suffolk brought to this country retained the qualities for which they were originally mated. The first Suffolks were brought to this country in 1888 by Mr. G.B. Streeter of Chazy, New York. During a visit to England the previous year, Mr. Streeter had been greatly impressed by Suffolk sheep. These prize breeding animals had belonged to Joseph Smith of Hasketon, and one 21 month old ewe weighed exactly 200 pounds when she came off the ship. A 9 month old ram weighed 195 pounds and in the spring of 1890, a 7 week old twin weighed 85 pounds. That spring Streeter had a 200% lamb crop. The Suffolk did not make its appearance in the western states until 1919. Three ewes and two rams had been donated by the English Suffolk Sheep Society to the University of Idaho. One of the rams was to be sold at auction at the National Ram Sale in Salt Lake City, Utah. Several leading sheepmen saw these sheep at the sale and they liked what they saw. After several rounds of bidding, the ram was finally sold to Laidlaw and Brockie (developers of the Panama breed) of Muldoon, Idaho, for $500. These men were so impressed with the offspring from their Suffolk ram that they made several importations and were consistent buyers at the National Ram Sale.
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breed Suffolk The Suffolk sheep is a superior producer of lean meat due to rapid early growth, heavy muscling, and efficient conversion of forage and other feedstuffs. Suffolks are striking in breed character and unrivaled in beauty, having jet black, wool-free heads and legs that sharply contrast their clean white fleeces and pink skin. Suffolk genetics are highly-prized by commercial shepherds to improve the weights and carcass quality of their lamb crops, while the Suffolk head is designed to facilitate ease of lambing. All Suffolk sheep should be structurally and reproductively sound. Rams should be robust and masculine, with significant muscling, body volume, and mass as well as ample fertility and libido. Ewes should be feminine yet thickly-muscled, and demonstrate strong capacity for breeding, lambing ease, mothering instinct and milking ability. In both sexes, preference is given to naturally wide-based, deep bodied, easy fleshing animals free of coarseness or over-refinement. As a meat breed, Suffolk breeding rams and ewes should produce fast- growing lambs that yield carcasses with superior composition and conformation, regardless if purebred or commercial crossbreds. While the mature weights of Suffolk sheep may vary considerably, breed character and general proportionality of body should be simlar across the breed. Appropriate frame size and growth curve should be chosen to match the specific commercial production environment and target carcass weight. THE SUFFOLK SHEEP Head Hindquarter The Suffolk head is free of wool both at the poll and cheeks, is covered in fine black hair and is moderately long in shape. The otherwise wide skull, broad muzzle and deep jaw denote strength and ability to thrive and forage. The mouth is sound with the incisors meeting flush with the dental pad. A particularly defining breed characteristic is the long, bell-shaped ears that hang below perpendicular and tip slightly forward. Discriminate against short, perpendicular, erect or wool-covered ears or any tendency to colors other than black in the head and ear. Be critical of overly refined or coarse headed sheep lacking in breed and/or sex character.
A Suffolk market lamb should exhibit the same distinguishing physical characteristics as described in the Breed Standard for the Suffolk ram and ewe. Today, the most industry important lambs in the US are crossbreds sired by Suffolk rams that pass along highly heritable carcass and growth traits and contribute valuable hybrid vigor for performance and fitness. The Suffolk market lamb, purebred or crossbred, should be capable of producing a quality, lean, appealing carcass. Suffolk genetics MARKET LAMB Preference is given to long bodied, strong topped sheep, showing exceptional muscle shape and volume. The Suffolk loin is deep, long and wide. It blends smoothly and strongly into a level top and rump. The body itself should become progressively wider from front to rear. The widest portion of the sheep should be through the center of the stifle when viewed from behind. Natural width should accompany a leg that excels in both depth of twist and volume in both the inner and outer leg. The prominent stifle should be thick, long and deep. The rear flank should be reasonably level with the fore flank. All body parts should blend smoothly and display the characteristics of an animal capable of producing progeny that hang a superior carcass. Discriminate against short, steep, narrow rumps, weak tops, shallow loins, flat muscle, high flanks and lack of overall excellent muscle development.
The USSA exists to define, register, promote, and improve the Suffolk breed for the entire U.S. sheep industry. The commercial industry is diverse in its geography, production systems, products, and markets. Suffolk sheep are useful in a wide variety of commercial applications, from terminal range rams to farm flock ewes, as part of composite breeds, and as market lambs. Suffolks are also exhibited in various show classes, from fitted and slick sheared breeding sheep to club lambs and wether sires and dams. Nonetheless, the breed standard provides a common identity for all Suffolks and breeders. The breed standard serves as the ideal relative to which Suffolk sheep are to be evaluated and improved, in terms of their own phenotype as well as the genetic potential they offer to the industry.
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standard Sheep showing evidence of the following fail to meet the breed standard: lack of muscle development or ability to grow and thrive, dark or black or colored fleece, unmanageable disposition, underdeveloped genitalia, split or asymmetrical testicles, upturned vulva, hernia, over or undershot jaw, prolapse or tendency to prolapse (rectal or vaginal), inverted eyelids, weak udder attachments and teat size or placement that impedes nursing. NOTE: The USSA allows for an appendix registry and upgrading to purebred status. When animals reach 15/16th status (purebred) these animals must adhere to the breed standard as well. Sheep that appear to be black faced crossbreds do not meet the Suffolk breed standard. DISCRIMINATIONS
favor lean rapid early growth that can exceed one pound per day and be market ready as early as 3 to 4 months of age. The standard is a carcass in the 50-to-80-pound weight range that grades Prime to Choice and yield grades 2 (fat cover 0.16 to 0.26). Suffolk market lambs exhibited on foot should have wool free, black heads and legs, exhibit body mass and thickness, show evidence of youthful growth and measure at least 50% body length in the hind saddle (rear rib to pin bones). The feet and legs should be set wide apart on the corners of the body. They are moderate in length and covered in fine black hair from the knee and hock to the ground with no tendency to wooliness. The hooves are jet black also. Legs should be of adequate bone size, neither overly refined nor coarse; joints are strong and smooth on flat bone. Toes are of equal size, point forward with a deep heel and set upon a short pastern. The stride should be long, fluid and sure. The gait is athletic. The sheep travels wide when viewed from behind. Discriminate against weak or coarse joints, cow hocks, sickle hocks, bowed knees or hocks, post legs, wooly legs, widely splayed toes and any obstruction that impedes fluid movement. Feet, Legs & Mobility Forequarter The Suffolk neck is of moderate length, set smoothly into and atop the shoulder. The shoulder is deep and obliquely set into the body, being smooth and free of coarseness. The shoulder and forearm show evidence of superior muscling. The rack opens up into a wide, heavily muscled topline that extends and widens as it blends into the loin. The chest is deep and naturally wide showing evidence of vigor. The breast plate is neatly tucked up into the chest floor. Ribs are open, deep and well sprung denoting capacity. The barrel itself should be long, deep, wide and large. The belly and the body should be covered in white wool that is free of dark fiber. Preference is given to a tight uniform, white fleece of medium wool quality. Discriminate against steep or open shoulders, extremely long or short neck, lack of muscle shape, pinched ribs and shallowness.
Visual or phenotypic selection has been used for centuries in animal breeding. It does address issues of structural correctness, breed type, sex character, and breed aesthetics. Today, there are additional tools and resources available to quantify and measure traits. Genetic testing can reduce and eliminate genetic recessives (spider syndrome, dwarfism, and scrapie susceptibility). The technology more accurately evaluates genotype and expands the ability to select breed improving replacements. Superior performing animals within a flock can be additionally identified through on farm data collection. This can include such things as weighing (60, 90 or 120 day weights) and ultrasound scanning for carcass traits (loin eye size and fat depth). Another potential strategy is the use of estimated breeding values (EBVs). This tool allows for measurable genetic comparison, over time, and across flocks with other performance recorded flocks. Either of these selection methods (as well as others yet to be developed) can be used as additional tools to measure rapid growth, leanness, and superior muscling – all of which reinforce the Suffolk as the preferred terminal sire breed. Further, as the industry moves toward more objective carcass evaluation, there will be premiums paid for market animals that meet more demanding carcass expectations. GENETIC AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
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Genetic conditions Breeders face many challenging decisions as they attempt to produce better sheep for themselves and their customers. Animal breeding uses selection and mating decisions to
the genotypes of their offspring can be predicted. The following Punnett Squares show the possible offspring genotypes for scrapie resistance, spider lamb syndrome, and dwarfism. Sires and dams each randomly contribute one of the two genes in their own genotype to their offspring. In turn, offspring inherit one gene at random from each of their parents. The combination of these two random genes forms the genotype of the offspring. The four quadrants of the Punnett Square show the range of possible offspring genotype(s), and their relative likelihood, for different matings between parents of known genotype(s).
increase desirable genes and decrease or eliminate undesirable ones. Fortunately, the inheritance of some of the most serious genetic defects is relatively predictable. In many cases, these conditions are controlled by only a single gene, and their expression is not influenced by the environment. For recessive conditions, the defect is visible when an individual carries two copies of the gene. Modern genetic testing allows the genotype of parents to be known and, for certain conditions,
SPIDER LAMB SYNDROME
SCRAPIE
DWARFISM
GENETIC ABBREVIATIONS NN – Non-Carrier, free of spider gene
GENETIC ABBREVIATIONS RR – Least susceptible, and all offspring will have at least one “R” gene QR – Least susceptible (but some offspring can inherit the “Q” gene) QQ – Most susceptible if exposed WHAT IS IT - Fatal brain disease affecting the nervous system in sheep and goats. WHY IS IT A CONCERN - Clinical signs are progressive and fatal once they develop. Infected animals may not become ill for years. There is no treatment. MANAGEMENT - Biopsy of the brain or lymphoid tissue. Genetic testing is available to determine an animals susceptibility. Select the least susceptible animals. “RR” breeding stock have been favored because all of their offspring will inherit a copy of the “R” (least susceptible) gene. In 2001, the USDA created National Scrapie Eradication Program in efforts to eradicate scrapie in the US sheep and goat population. Through this program official USDA Scrapie tags must be in place for sheep sold, exhibited, or slaughtered. USDA Scrapie tags identify where the sheep originated by premise ID and the animal’s individual number.
GENETIC ABBREVIATIONS FF – Free, non-carrier FD – Carrier DD – Exhibits dwarf gene
NS – Carrier of spider gene SS – Exhibits Spider gene
WHAT IS IT - Inherited disorder associated with severe skeletal deformities. Affected animals have long splayed (bent) legs and exhibit twisted spines, flattened ribs and facial defects. WHY IS IT A CONCERN - Lambs have trouble standing and rarely survive beyond 6 months of age. There is no treatment. MANAGEMENT - Genetic testing is available to determine if the sheep is a carrier of the gene. Select resistant animals. This condition was first found in Suffolk sheep in the 1980s. Thanks to genetic selection by Suffolk breeders, this is no longer a commonly seen condition.
WHAT IS IT - Animals are very slow growing and may never reach normal size, which is contrary to the rapid early growth and efficient feed conversion reflected in the Suffolk breed standard. WHY IS IT A CONCERN - Animals are very slow growing and may never reach normal size. MANAGEMENT - Genetic testing is available to determine if the animal is a carrier of the primary gene. Select against the D gene; for USSA sanctioned events, sheep may not be entered/sold/exhibited that carry the D gene (2022 Board Decision). Recent research indicates the existence of additional gene(s) that may result in the appearance of the D gene absent an FD or DD parent. Information as published will be updated as additional research is published.
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glossary of sheep terms
ADJUSTED LOIN EYE AREA - Loin eye area adjusted to a constant weight or age for the purpose of comparison. ADJUSTED WEIGHT – Weight that has been adjusted for age, sex, birth type, rearing type, and/or age of dam for the purpose of comparison. ALLELE - One of two or more versions of a particular gene. An individual inherits two alleles for each gene, one from each parent. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION – The process where semen is placed in a ewe’s uterus in an attempt to achieve pregnancy without a ram present. BANDING - Applying rubber bands to the tail for docking or to the scrotum for castrating. BIRTH TYPE – Litter size (single, twin, triplet, etc). BIRTH WEIGHT – Weight of lamb at or very near birth. BODY CONDITION SCORE (BCS) – Scoring system used to describe bodily energy stores (fatness) of breeding animals. In sheep the BCS ranges from 1 to 5, with 1 being extremely thin and 5 being obese. BODY WALL FAT THICKNESS - Total tissue thickness measured between the 12th and 13th ribs, 4.5 inches from the center of the backbone. Used as an additional measure of fatness in a lamb carcass. BREAK JOINT - Determination of lamb carcass age. A break joint is the area of the cannon bone within the front leg that is not ossified. If a carcass has a break joint, it is considered a lamb. BREED IMPROVEMENT – Strategies for improving the genetic and phenotypic quality of a breed and enhancing its acceptance within the sheep industry. BREED CHARACTER – Long- established phenotypic characteristics of a sheep breed, defined by breeders and/or breed associations. CARCASS - The muscle, bone and fat on a lamb carcass once the head,
hide and internal organs have been removed. CARRIER - A heterozygous animal with one recessive and one dominant allele for a particular gene pair. The expression of the recessive allele is not visually observable due to the effect of the dominant allele. CHROMOSOME - An organized package of DNA (genes) found in the nucleus of the cell. Sheep have 27 pairs of chromosomes. CIDR – “Controlled Internal Drug Release”- an intravaginal progesterone implant used to induce and synchronize estrus in ewes. CLOSED FLOCK - An existing flock that does not introduce any outside animals, often for biosecurity reasons. Outside genetics, if used, are introduced via artificial insemination. CLUB LAMB – A youth oriented, terminal project (4H or FFA) lamb of either sex (typically a wether) that is shown as a market lamb and evaluated based on a combination of body composition (muscle and fat), conformation, and other characteristics. CODON - A specific location on a chromosome that forms a unit of genetic code. For example, the alleles present at Codon 171 determine the level of a sheep’s susceptibility to scrapie. In this case it is described as RR, QR (least susceptible to Scrapie) or QQ (most susceptible to Scrapie) COEFFICIENT OF RELATIONSHIP – A measure of genetic similarity between two individuals, as predicted by pedigree. COLOSTRUM – Antibody-rich first milk that a ewe produces in the first 24 hours after giving birth. The antibodies are most readily absorbed by the lamb in the first 24 hour time frame. COMPOSITE BREED – A new breed formed by crosses between two or more pure breeds, followed by subsequent matings among the
crosses to stabilize the composite. CONTEMPORARY GROUP – A group of lambs of similar sex and age that have been fed and managed the same way. CREEP - Supplemental feed provided to lambs that are still nursing, typically in an area that only the lambs can access. CROSSBREEDING - Mating of different breeds to take advantage of the strengths of each breed and gain hybrid vigor. CULL – An animal that has reached the end of its productive life and is removed from the breeding flock or sold for harvest. CUTABILITY - The percent of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts. DAM - Mother of offspring. DATA COLLECTION – Gathering and recording data on traits important to your flock. Data may be submitted for across-flock genetic evaluation through central programs such as NSIP. DNA MARKER – DNA is mapped by finding the combination of single nucleotides that make up the DNA or the genome, a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that is used to identify or track inheritance of nearby genes. DNA SAMPLE – A blood or tissue sample used for DNA testing, the commonly used sampling methods are blood tubes, blood cards and ear tag tissue samples. DOMINANCE - A single copy of a dominant allele typically masks or overrides the expression of a different allele in the same gene pair. DOMINANT TRAIT – An inherited characteristic that is expressed in the appearance of an animal that has one or two copies of a dominant allele in a gene pair. DRESSING PERCENTAGE - Hot carcass weight divided by live weight immediately prior to harvest; the normal dressing percent range for
sheep is 44-56%. DWARF GENE – A genetic defect that is characterized by the affected offspring being proportionally reduced in frame size and weight. It is noted as FF (homozygous dominant, free non-carrier), FD (carrier) and DD (homozygous recessive, dwarf). DYSTOCIA - Difficulty in giving birth. EMBRYO TRANSFER - Implantation of embryos or fertilized eggs from a “donor” ewe into a surrogate or “recipient” ewe. ENTROPION - A genetic defect observed in newborn lambs where the eyelid folds inward causing eye irritation. ESTIMATED BREEDING VALUE (EBV) - An estimate of an animal’s genetic merit for a particular trait based on the individual’s performance and the performance of relatives. An EBV becomes more accurate in time as the database accrues more information on related animals across different flocks and environments. ESTRUS - Period of time when the ewe is fertile and receptive to the male. Also known as “heat period”. EWE - Female sheep. EXTERNAL FAT THICKNESS (BACKFAT) - The layer of fat between the hide and muscle over the loin eye between the 12th and 13th rib. EYE MUSCLE DEPTH – The depth of the loin eye muscle measured ultrasonically between the 12th and 13th ribs. Eye muscle depth measures muscle and more muscular caracasses are higher yield carcasses. F1 - Progeny resulting from the mating a purebred ram and a purebred ewe of different breeds. F2 -Progeny resulting from an FI sire and an F1 dam. FAMACHA - Parasite control regiment for controlling and treating Haemonchus Contoritus (barber pole worm). Uses eye color chart to predict level of anemia in the animal.
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glossary of sheep terms
FAT DEPTH - Subcutaneous fat thickness measured between the 12th and 13th ribs, over the mid-point of the rib loin eye muscle perpendicular to the outside surface of the fat. FECAL EGG COUNT - Number of worm eggs in a gram of feces – used to determine parasite load in a sheep. FEED EFFICIENCY – A measure of how effectively an individual sheep converts feed to product. Typically expressed in pounds of weight gain per pound of feed fed and/or the related cost of that gain. FIBER COLOR – Wool of any color other than white (black, gray, silver, brown, red, etc.) FINISH – Amount of fleshing and fat thickness, used to determine an animal’s readiness for harvest. FITTED – A sheep shown with a washed, trimmed, shaped, packed and sculpted fleece. FLANK STREAKING – The amount of fat deposited within and upon the inside flank muscles. FLESHING - The body’s capacity to fatten and retain fat. Also known as finish or condition. FLOCK - A group of sheep. FLOCK IMPROVEMENT – The means by which an individual breeder implements selection and mating strategies to align their flock with their personal goals and/or marketing plan. These plans differ among breeders and provide for genetic diversity in the gene pool. FLUSHING - Increasing sheep nutrition and energy intake before breeding starts. A surgical procedure where embryos are flushed or transferred from a donor ewe to a recipient ewe. FOOT ROT – Contagious disease of the hoof which can cause severe lameness. GENETIC IMPROVEMENT – Identifying, measuring, selecting and mating for traits that will improve productivity and profitability. GENOMICS – A branch of biotechnology associated with gene
mapping (describing the genes that make up a sheep). GENOTYPE - The genetic make-up of an individual. GENOTYPING - The process of finding differences in the genetic makeup of individual sheep in their DNA sequence. GESTATION LENGTH – The length of pregnancy, usually around 148 days in Suffolks. GRID - Tool used to measure the surface area of the loineye muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs in a lamb carcass. HALF-SIBS - Individuals who have the same sire or dam. HEIGHT – Height of the animal at the point of the shoulder measured from the ground. HEREDITY - The transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring through genes. HETEROSIS (OR HYBRID VIGOR) - The increased performance of crossbreds as compared to the average of the parental breeds for specific traits. Heterosis can also occur within purebreds as the result of heterozygosity. HETEROZYGOUS – When two different alleles are present for a particular gene pair (example QR for scrapie resistance susceptibility). HOMOZYGOUS - When both alleles in a gene pair are identical (example RR for Scrapie resistance). HOT CARCASS WEIGHT - The weight of the unchilled carcass after the head, hide and internal organs have been removed. INBREEDING - Mating of two individuals that are related to each other. Inbreeding is expected to increase the number of homozygous gene pairs and decrease the number of heterozygous gene pairs. Inbreeding may increase the expression of undesirable recessive genes and suppress fitness and growth traits. It can also increase the uniformity and prepotency of a flock. INBREEDING COEFFICIENT – Expressed
as a percentage, it is a measure of the amount of inbreeding in an animal’s pedigree. It is the likelihood that two alleles in a gene pair are identical because of a common ancestor of the two parents. JUG - Small portable pen used at lambing where ewes and lambs bond. KIDNEY, PELVIC AND HEART FAT (KPH) - The amount of fat found within the regions of the kidney, pelvis and heart expressed as a percentage of the hot carcass weight. LACTATION - Period of time milk is secreted from the mammary glands to feed the animals young. LAMB - A sheep under one year of age. Also refers to the meat or carcass from animals estimated to be under one year of age (break joint vs. spool joint). LEAN - The amount of muscle that is free from fat. LENGTH - A linear measurement of a body part (leg, neck, loin) but most often referring to length of body as measured from the base of the neck to the pin bone or dock as indicated. LINEAR MEASUREMENTS – One- dimensional measurements that relate to an animal’s size. Examples include height, length, width, or circumference of the animal or its specific parts. LINE BREEDING - A form of inbreeding which increases the average relationship of the individuals in a flock to an outstanding ancestor or line of ancestors, usually several generations back in a pedigree. A given superior animal, for example, might appear several times in a five generation pedigree. LOIN EYE AREA – Cross section area of the loin muscle evaluated between the 12th and 13th rib. Can be measured in live animals with ultrasound or in carcasses with a camera or grid. LOIN - The region of the body between the last rib and the hip bone that contains the longissimus dorsi muscle. Also a wholesale or
primal cut from the same location on a carcass. LONGEVITY – An assessment of livability, stayability or ability to thrive productively in the flock over a measurable period of time. MASTITIS - Inflammation of the mammary glands that often results from bacterial infection. MATERNAL DAM TRAITS – Attributes generally associated with ewe productivity such as mothering and milking ability, twinning rate, temperament, fertility (in and out of season) and ewe maintenance cost. MATURITY - Period of time ewe lambs achieve puberty and estrus. Typically between the ages of 6-8 months. Maturity for ram lambs is approximately 4-6 months. MULTIPLE TRAIT SELECTION - Selection for more than one trait at the same time. MUTTON - Meat from a sheep over one year of age. NATIONAL SHEEP IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM (NSIP) - The organization responsible for quantitative genetic evaluation of multiple sheep breeds in the United States. NATURAL SERVICE – A mating that takes place when a ram breeds a ewe on site in the same location at the same time. OBJECTIVE (QUANTITATIVE) TRAITS – Attributes that are not subject to personal taste or preference but rather a measurable date-driven description. OFFTYPE – An animal that does not meet the breed type standard for a trait or traits. OUTCROSS - Mating of individuals within a breed that are not closely related. OVERBITE - When the lower incisors align behind the upper dental pad. Also known as parrot mouth or undershot jaw. OVINE - The scientific name for sheep.
PALATABILITY – The tenderness, flavor, and juiciness of the meat.
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