Characterizaton of sodium trititanate nanomaterials for sodium-ion battery anodes Jacob Williams 1 , Dr. Phoebe K. Allan, UK 1,2 , Prof. Peter R. Slater 1,2 , 1 University of Birmingham, UK, 2 Faraday Institution, Didcot, UK Sodium-ion batteries are poised to replace lithium-ion batteries for applications such as stationary storage systems where the weight of the battery is not a disadvantage. Research into sodium-ion batteries has largely followed on from the materials investigated for lithium-ion batteries, with the major exception being the anode. Graphite, a commercial lithium-ion battery anode, cannot store sodium ions, and so alternatives are needed. Sodium Trititanate (Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 ) has attracted attention as an intercalation oxide material with the lowest reported voltage vs Na + /Na to date at 0.01 V, and thus offers exciting opportunities for high power battery systems. It displays a theoretical capacity of 177 mA.h g -1 . Other factors like low cost and good cycling stability make this a very attractive anode material for Na-ion batteries. 1 However, its performance at high currents is hampered by poor ionic and electronic conductivity, and multiple methods have been trialled to improve the high-rate performance, including nano-structuration to improve the Na-ion diffusion properties over crystalline Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 . 2 DFT studies on Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 have shown the maximum theoretical storage of sodium ions is 11 sodium ions stored per unit cell or a structural formula of Na 5.5 Ti 3 O 7 , corresponding to a specific capacity of 311 mAh g -1 . 3 In this work the effect of nanoscale morphology on the electrochemical performance of Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 has been investigated, including how the synthesis conditions change the resultant product morphology. The results show a marked improvement in capacity and capacity retention for Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 with a nanosheet morphology over the crystalline material. References
1. Senguttuvan, M. R. Palacín, G. Rousse, V. Seznec and J.-M. Tarascon, Chem. Mater., 2011, 23, 2. 4109.S. Dong, N. Lv, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, G. Zhu and X. Dong, Nano Today, 2022, 42, 101349. 3. W. Wang, C. Yu, Z. Lin, J. Hou, H. Zhu and S. Jiao, Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 594–59
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