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kept in tanks or pens for as long as two years before they are killed. Death, too, is cruel on fish farms, where many fish are killed slowly by suffocation or in ice water . 2. Fish Are Crowded By the Tens of Thousands on Farms Like other intensively farmed animals, fish raised on industrial farms are kept in severely crowded conditions, whether they are raised in tanks on land or in ocean pens. Just one farm may contain tens of thousands of fish, comparable in scale to many chicken farms. Like chickens, fish can experience harm - ful effects of such crowding , including aggression and injuries, suscep- tibility to disease, and changes in behavior and feeding. Furthermore, a 2020 study tied crowding and stress on freshwater trout farms to loss of body muscle and weight in the fish. Existing in these cramped environments is a far cry from the lives fish would experience in their natural habitats. For one example, salm- on may swim spans of hundreds of miles to reach the ocean from the streams in which they hatched, and much farther as they reach feeding grounds, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Sometimes, salm- on will spend years at sea before returning to their original stream to spawn. 3. Large-Scale Fish Farms Are Breeding Grounds for Pathogens The intensive crowding, stressful conditions, and poor water qual- ity on fish farms may leave fish vulnerable to illness. Bacterial diseases and infestations of parasites including sea lice often plague fish raised in these captive environments, and played a role as fish deaths nearly doubled on Scottish salmon farms in 2022 . Investigators have documented the effects of such parasitic infection in farm-raised salmon, from skin lesions to scale loss and even death. Columnaris disease, according to the U.S. Department of Agricul - ture (USDA), is a bacterial disease that “impacts almost all U.S. finfish aquaculture industries.” The illness can have a mortality rate of up to 90 percent , and infected fish may suffer from sores and develop a slimy substance on their skin and gills. As the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) points out, “disease events” or outbreaks can happen on fish farms because tanks or pens are more densely crowded than wild environ- ments and because fish who are ill are not quickly removed by marine predators like sharks. When it comes to public health, industry attempts to control ill- ness in aquaculture are the biggest threat. Just like factory farms on land, fish producers use antibiotics in an attempt to prevent disease, a practice expected to rise by 33 percent by 2030 . Antibiotic usage on farms can leave residue that leaks into the surrounding environments, a danger to humans as we already face a rising threat in treatment-re- sistant illnesses. 4. Fish Farms Pollute and Harm the Environment The nets that confine fish to ocean-based farms cannot contain the harms of aquaculture, which can have devastating impacts on our oceans. Nearly all of the world’s salmon farming is done in open nets at sea, allowing water to flow from these farms into the water around them. The New York Times has reported that “this free exchange has been at the heart of many of the industry’s issues, worsened by severe crowd - ing that pollutes the surrounding ecosystem…” Sometimes, fish escape from the nets used to confine them, bring - ing pathogens harbored on fish farms into the open ocean where wild
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PATHWAYS—Spring 24—69
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