VETgirl April 2024 Beat e-Magazine

QUARTERLY BEAT / APRIL 2024

The oral exam will determine if there is attachment loss, and intraoral dental radiographs are used to help determine the percentage of attachment loss. A periodontal probe is essential for proper assessment of periodontium. There are different types of periodontal probes, so be sure you know the type you are using. The normal sulcus is between the tooth and free gingiva, and the normal sulcus depth in a dog is less than 3 mm and less than 0.5 mm in a cat. The periodontal probe is walked around every single tooth at 4-8 sites. Be sure to not use too much pressure as that may result in accidently create a pocket. Use gentle pressure. Normal gingiva is pink and/or pigmented based on breed/ patient-individuality. Signs of gingivitis or periodontal disease are red, swollen gingiva that bleed easily. Increased probing depths can be caused by attachment loss, gingival enlargements, and incompletely erupted teeth. Gingival enlargements and overgrowth can cause pseudo pockets, in which there is no attachment loss, but there is a probing depth. In addition to probing depths, one should also be looking for and measuring gingival recession, mobility, and furcation exposure. One must be able to determine true attachment loss by adding the probing depth and gingival recession and subtracting the probing depth and gingival enlargement.

A furcation is the area between the roots of a multirooted tooth. Furcation exposure is documented F1-F3. A furcation 1 (F1) occurs when the periodontal probe less than halfway between the roots. A furcation 2 (F2) extends halfway or more but not all the way through. A furcation 3 (F3) extends all the way through the roots. Mobility is also measured and documented. Stage 0 mobility (M0) is normal mobility of the teeth, measuring up to 0.2mm. Stage 1 mobility (M1) measures from 0.2mm to 0.5mm. Stage 2 mobility (M2) measures 0.5mm to 1.0mm. Stage 3 mobility (M3) measures greater than 1.0mm. Full mouth radiographs should be obtained on every patient, every time. Radiographs are essential for the doctor to determine the percentage of bone loss. Bone loss can be horizontal, vertical or both. Periapical lucencies can also be seen on radiographs. One must be able to see the alveolar bone, and the periapical space on the radiographs. The diagnosis and treatment or therapy of periodontal disease is made by the veterinarian. Treatment or therapy consists of mechanical debridement of the plaque and calculus above and below the gumline. It is determined by the stage of periodontal disease, the tooth or teeth affected, and the ability and commitment of the pet parent.

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REFERENCES

1. Holzman, G. (2013). Chapter 1: The Basics. In J. Perrone (Ed.), Small Animal Dental Procedures for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (1st ed., pp. 14–15). essay, Wiley-Blackwell. 2. Istace, K. (2022). Chapter 5 The Hole Problem: Tooth Resorption and Caries. In An Introduction to Pet Dental Care for Veterinary Nurses and Technicians (p. 102). essay, CABI. 3. Losey, B. J. (Jeannie). (2013). Chapter 8: Feline Dentistry. In J. Perrone (Ed.), Small Animal Dental Procedures for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (1st ed., p. 156). essay, Wiley-Blackwell. 4. AVDC nomenclature. AVDC.org – American Veterinary Dental College. (2023, August 8). https://avdc.org/avdc-nomenclature/ 5. DeBowes, L., & Niemeic, B. A. (2011). Chapter 6 Problems with the Gingiva Gingivastomatitis (caudal stomatitis) in cats. In Small Animal Dental, Oral & Maxillofacial Disease (p. 176). essay, Mason Publishing Ltd. 6. DeBowes, L., & Niemeic, B. A. (2011). Chapter 6 Problems with the Gingiva Gingivastomatitis (caudal stomatitis) in cats. In Small Animal Dental, Oral & Maxillofacial Disease (p. 178). essay, Mason Publishing Ltd.

7. DeBowes, L., & Niemeic, B. A. (2011). Chapter 6 Problems with the Gingiva Gingivastomatitis (caudal stomatitis) in cats. In Small Animal Dental, Oral & Maxillofacial Disease (p. 179). essay, Mason Publishing Ltd. 8. Istace, K. (2022). Chapter 7 Oral Masses and Cysts. In An Introduction to Pet Dental Care for Veterinary Nurses and Technicians (p. 128). essay, CABI. 9. Lewis, J. R., Reiter, A. M., & Niemiec, B. A. (2011). Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology Periodontium. In Small Animal Dental, Oral & Maxillofacial Disease (p. 20). essay, Mason Publishing Ltd. 10. Istace, K. (2022). Chapter 1 Periodontal Disease. In An Introduction to Pet Dental Care for Veterinary Nurses and Technicians (pp. 7–10). essay, CABI.

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