اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ. وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ , ﻓﺈن اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ُﲡَﻤﻊ ﲠﺪف دراﺳﺔ ﺳﲈت اﻷﻓﺮاد وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﻢ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ُﲡَﻤﻊ ﲠﺪف دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﰲ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮة اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ )اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ( , ﻓﻔﻲ اﻷوﱃ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﲈت اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ ) Attribute data ( , وﰲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ) Relational data .( ﻛﲈ أن ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت ) graph Imagery ( , ﻓﻨﺠﺪ أن اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﻘﺎط , واﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺨﻄﻮط ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ أو ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ 1 . وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل : إن ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ودراﺳﺔ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ أو اﳍﻴﻜﻞ اﻧﻄﻼًﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن ﻟﻨﻤﻂ اﻟﺮواﺑﻂ اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺪﻣﺞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻮن ﻋﻮاﻗَﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ , وأول ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪث ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﺒﺪﳞﻴﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﲈء اﻻﺟﺘﲈع , وﻣﻨﻬﻢ أوﻏﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﻧﺖ ) Auguste Comte ( وإﻣﻴﻞ دورﻛﺎﻳﻢ ) Émile Durkheim ( وﻫﺮﺑﺮت ﺳﺒﻨﴪ ) Herbert Spencer ( , ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ اﻫﺘﻢ ﻟﻴﻨﺘﻮن ﻓﺮﻳﲈن ) Linton C . Freeman ( ﱡ ﺒ ﺑﺘﺘ ﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﻫﺘﲈم ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ وﻃﺮق ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻪ 2 " ﺗﻄﻮر ﲢﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ : دراﺳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ اﺟﺘﲈع اﻟﻌﻠﻢ " . وﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎب اﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ , ﺳﺄﻋﺮض ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺎرﻳﺦ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ زﻣﻨﻲ : ﺟﺪول ) 1 ( : اﳋﻂ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﻄﻮر دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻮد أﺑﺮز اﻟﺘﻄﻮرات 1 - Mingxin Zhang , "Social Network Analysis: History, Concepts, and Research," in Borko Furht (ed.) Handbook of Social Network Technologies and Applications (Boston, MA: Springer, 2010), p 6. 2 - Linton C. Freeman, The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in The Sociology of Science (Canada: Empirical Press, 2004).
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