مناهج البحث في علوم الإعلام والاتصال المشكلات النظرية والتط…

status homophily ( وﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﲈت ﻛﺎﻟﻌﺮق واﳉﻨﺲ واﻟﺪﻳﻦ value homophily ( , وﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص ذوي اﳌﻮاﻗﻒ

وﺿﻊ اﻟﺘﲈﺛﻞ )

واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ , وﺑﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﲈﺛﻞ )

وﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ اﳌﺘﺸﺎﲠﺔ 1 . - ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﺮة أو اﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﲑة ) Small Groups : The Clique Theory ( : ﻋّﺮف ﺟﻮرج ﻫﻮﻣﺎﻧﺰ ) George Homans ( اﳉﲈﻋﺔ ) group ( ﺑﺄﳖﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﺷﺨﺎص ﻳﺘﻮاﺻﻠﻮن ﻣﻌﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪى ﻓﱰة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ , وﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن ﻗﻠﻴﲇ اﻟﻌﺪد ﺑﲈ ﻳﻤّﻜﻦ ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ وﺟﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺟﻪ. واﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﳉﲈﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻐﲑة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد ﺻﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﲔ , ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ أول ﺧﱪة اﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮد ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ , ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ اﻷﴎة وﻣﺮورا ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎء وزﻣﻼء اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﻏﲑﻫﻢ. واﻟﺰﻣﺮة ) Clique ( أﺣﺪ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺼﻐﲑة ﻫﺬه , وﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ أﻓﺮاد ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت وﺛﻴﻘﺔ وﻣﺒﺎﴍة وﺗﺒﺎدل ﻷﻫﺪاف ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ 2 . وﰲ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت أﺧﺬ ﺳﺘﺎﻧﲇ واﴎﻣﺎن ) Wasserman Stanley ( وﻛﺎﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻮﺳﺖ ) Katherine Faust ( ﻫﺬا اﳌﻔﻬﻮم وﺟﻌﻼه ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﲔ ﻣﱰاﺑﻄﲔ ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ وﳎﺎورﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ , وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ )اﳋﺎرﻃﺔ( ﻛﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑة ) subgroup ( 3 . ﺛﺎﻟًﺜﺎ : ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﱃ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ

1 - Paul Lazarsfeld , Robert K. Merton, "Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis," in Morroe Berger, et al., Eds. Freedom and control in modern society (D. Van Nostrand Company,1954), 18–66. 2 - George Homans, The human group (Harcourt, Brace & World, 1950), P1. 3 - Stanley Wasserman, Katherine Faust, Social network analysis: Methods and applications, 8, (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p 254.

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