increase in terroristic activity, and for the maritime industry, their response to
this meant the establishment of the International Ship and Port Facility Security
(ISPS) Code (Malcolm, 2016). As previously mentioned, borders are perhaps the
most significant tenet of state sovereignty, and the securitisation of international
shipping has extended the mandate of states to enforce border security (Cowen,
2014), and therefore their overall jurisdiction, strengthening the role of state
entities. The shipping procedures of the United States perfectly exemplify this
securitisation and expanded jurisdiction. Alongside international codes such as
ISPS, shipping containers bound for the US in particular undergo a multi-stage
process of checks, known as the Container Security Initiative (CSI), that
demonstrate the expanded role of the state in regard to the flow of goods and
borders. Beginning with incentives for security enhancement for importers, U.S
officials at foreign ports to screen imports, and Coast Guard risk assessments
before arrival. As of 2014, at least 50 ports around the world have stationed US
Customs officers, screening containers before their departure for their journey
to the United States (Container Security Initiative, 2014). This power projection
by the United States is not entirely one-sided, the increase in mandate of states
is reciprocal, with both Canada and Japan having their own customs officers in
US ports (Romero, 2003). The perceived threat that globalisation provides to
nation-states; through the shrinking of geographic and social space and time;
allow the institutions to increase their mandate beyond what has traditionally
been seen as the domain of nation-states, their own territory, to areas across
the globe, with the claim of security necessities.
To conclude, globalisation has impacted the nation-state in a multitude of
non-uniform ways. The existence of supra-national organisations has been used
by some states to strengthen their autonomy and sovereignty, and ensure the
protection of their interests, often at the cost of less economically developed
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