Starch nanosphere-based network esterified by ferulic acid via green synthesis Siyu Yao 1 , Qingqing Zhu 1,2 , Yushi Li 1 , Na Li 1 , Enbo Xu 1,2* 1 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, the State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, China, 2 Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, China Starch nanomaterials as drug carriers have received enormous attention due to abundant sources, green/ sustainable nature, and unique properties. However, nanostarch carriers were weakly combined with phenols through noncovalent intermolecular interactions. Many studies have proposed the esterification methods with catalysts to stronger the interactions between guest and carrier. Herein, we report starch nanosphere-ferulic acid ester derivative (coSNS-FA), generated by a green physical method via dynamic high-pressure microfluidization treatment (DHPM). The HPLC and SEM results revealed that coSNS-FA exhibited the highest content of FA and encapsulation efficiency of 37.953% and 20.390%, respectively. the X-ray diffraction and FTIR measurements showed that the crystal structure and chemical bonding mode of the complex significantly changed after DHPM treatment. The changes in structure and hydrogen bonding characteristics of coSNS-FA were further determined based on the 13 C-NMR, 1 H-NMR and XPS results, showing that after DHPM treatment, the small starch clusters with activated -OH groups were generated. Then the reducing ends on C1 stem of starch were further reacted with -COOH groups of FA molecule, forming a -COOR- new chemical bond, thereby obtaining complexes with strong interacting. In summary, this article proposed a green and efficient method for preparing starch nanosphere-ferulic acid ester derivative, revealed their micro and macro structural characteristics and formation mechanisms, provided a theoretical basis and synthesis strategy for esterification reaction without chemical catalysts. References 1. Yao, S.; Ma, S.; Zhu, Q.; Qin, Y.; Ngah, W.-y.; Zuo, Y.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Tian, J.; Kong, X.; Liu, D.; Xu, E., Ultrasmooth and Uniform Starch Nanosphere with New Microstructure Formation via Microfluidization–Nanoprecipitation Control. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2023, 11 (19), 7475-7488. 2. Li, M.; Griffin, L. E.; Corbin, S.; Neilson, A. P.; Ferruzzi, M. G., Modulating Phenolic Bioaccessibility and Glycemic Response of Starch-Based Foods in Wistar Rats by Physical Complexation between Starch and Phenolic Acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2020, 68 (46), 13257-13266. 3. Xu, T.; Zhong, Y.; Chen, Q.; Wu, L.; Ji, S.; Yang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Shen, J.; Lu, B., Modulating the digestibility of cassava starch by esterification with phenolic acids. Food Hydrocolloids 2022, 127 , 107432. 4. Xu, Y.; Gao, M.; Zhang, Y.; Ning, L.; Zhao, D.; Ni, Y., Cellulose Hollow Annular Nanoparticles Prepared from High-Intensity Ultrasonic Treatment. ACS Nano 2022, 16 (6), 8928-8938. 5. Ma, S.; Zhu, Q.; Yao, S.; Niu, R.; Liu, Y.; Qin, Y.; Zheng, Y.; Tian, J.; Li, D.; Wang, W.; Liu, D.; Xu, E., Efficient Retention and Complexation of Exogenous Ferulic Acid in Starch: Could Controllable Bioextrusion Be the Answer? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2022 .
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