9. Affixes: Affixes are letters attached to the beginning or end of a word that change its meaning (covered in Grades 2–5). Example: In the word unhappy , the affix un - changes the meaning of the base word happy . 10. Compound Words: Compound words are words that may be combined to make new words (covered in Grades 2–5). Example: The word rain plus the word bow make rainbow . 11. Simple Comparisons: A word can transform into something new by adding letters or combining with another word to give it a different, but related, meaning (covered in Grades 1–3). Example: The words big , bigger , and biggest are related, but have differing shades of meaning. 12. Analogies: Comparing words to each other in parallel relationships clarifies meaning and highlights the characteristics they have in common (covered in Grades 2–5). Example: Duck is to pond as whale is to ocean . 13. Idioms: Understanding phrases whose meanings cannot be established by a literal translation of the words in the phrase leads to a more nuanced grasp of word usage (covered in Grades 3–5). Example: The expression break a leg cannot be understood by translating it literally.
14. Derivatives: Derivatives are words formed from other words (covered in Grades 3–5). Example: The word wordsmith is a derivative of the word word .
SCHOLASTIC W.O.R.D. FOUNDATION PAPER 15
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