Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD): Back to basics
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Foot and Mouth Disease: Comprehensive Overview
FMD virus Type : Non–enveloped virus, very resistant, small (23-25 nm) ss RNA genome Family: Picornaviridae 7 serotypes: A, O, C, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3 – 65 sub-lineages No cross immunity between different serotypes => serotype-specific vaccine High mutation rate => multiplicity of FMDV variants Environmental resistance (>1 month)
Non zoonosis disease WOAH-listed reportable disease High contagiousness High morbidity (up to 100%) Low mortality in adults (1-5%) – higher in young (>20%) Recovery could be long and difficult
Various species affected
Affects domestic cloven-hooved animals
Large ruminant
Swine
Small
If you have any suspicion, contact the competent local animal health authorities.
Pathogenesis
Clinical lesions
Antibodies
Viraemia & viral excretion
Exposure
Time (days)
-14
-3 -2 0
2 3 5 10
14
Incubation
Beginning of clinical signs
Key messages : Up to 2 weeks virus incubation period Short duration of viremia Viral shedding can start few days before clinical signs
For more information in : https://eufmdlearning.works/ and contact the reference labs
Affects wild cloven-hooved animals
ruminants
For example, wild boar and deer
Importance of each species in shedding and control of FMD
Oral infection route Respiratory infection route Virus shedding
Amplifier animal 1 pig excretes as many viruses as 3000 cows
Revealing animal
Silent spreader animal
Clinical signs
Small ruminants non-obvious clinical signs,
Large ruminants obvious clinical signs,
Fever
Abortion Stillbirth
Fever, Apathy Anorexia
Drooling Vesicles (lips, gum, tongue)
Lameness Ulcer/Vesicles (interdigital space)
Lameness Small vesicles (interdigital space)
Swine
Milking drop Vesicles (teats)
Fever, Prostration
Vesicles (snout)
Reluctance to move, to stand up Ulcer/Vesicles (coronary band, digit space) Very painful
Death of suckling piglets
Differential diagnosis
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) and Blue Tongue Virus (BTV), diseases found in Europe, have common clinical symptoms. Only Lab tests can confirm the diagnosis.
If you have any suspicion, contact the competent local animal health authorities.
Lesion pictures examples
Cattle
Unrupured FMD vesicule
Teats vesicles
Freshly ruptured vesicule
Ruptured vesicles on tongue
Teats lesion
Healing mucosal FMD lesion
Interdigital FMD lesion
Swine
Ovine
Vesicles
Coronary band lesion
FMD oral lesions
Pictures courtesy of the European Commission for the control of foot-and-mouth disease//FAO
Significance of various virus transmission route
Biosecurity
Good Biosecurity Practices
SECURED FENCES
Diagnosis : right samples at the right time Appropriate samples are relevant at various stages for the right diagnosis. Refer to your competent animal health authorities for guidance.
ACCESS CONTROLED
OUTSIDE CARPARK
HANDS CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
VACCINATION IN QUARANTINE AREA (3 WEEKS) FOR NEW ANIMALS
NO CONTACT SICK / HEALTHY ANIMALS
DISPOSABLE CLOTHES AND OVERSHOES
FMD reference laboratories in Europe
Biosecurity in case of outbreak
3 DAYS QUARANTINE BETWEEN FARM VISIT
NO ANIMAL MOVEMENT IN OR OUT
NO OTHER FARM VISIT
NO VISITORS
NO SHARING MATERIAL, FEED/WATER
DISINFECTING WITH CITRIC ACID >2%
A NSES (France) & Sciensano (Belgium): European Union Reference Laboratories (EURLs) P irbright Institute – UK (WRL FMD) S ciensano – Belgium IZSLER – Italy W BVR – The Netherlands
ITEMS DISINFECTION BY IMMERSION
VISITORS RECORDING
DISPOSABLE CLOTHES AND OVERSHOES
If you have any suspicion, contact the competent local animal health authorities.
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