Defense Acquisition Research Journal #109

Michael P. Duffey Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Bilyana Anderson President, DAU

Angela Carsten Chief of Staff, DAU Christen Goulding Director, DAU Communications and Public Affairs

Editorial Board Dr. Larrie D. Ferreiro Chairman and Executive Editor

Dr. Michelle Bailey Catholic University of America Dr. Don Birchler CNA Dr. John M. Colombi Air Force Institute of Technology Dr. Cynthia R. Cook Center for Strategic and International Studies Dr. Bobbie G. DeLeon DAU Dr. William T. Eliason Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy Dr. J. Scott Frampton Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy Dr. Steve King MITRE

Jeffrey R. LaFleur Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy David H. Lewis Naval Postgraduate School William Lucyshyn University of Maryland Dr. Thomas A. Mazzuchi The George Washington University Dr. John Mccormack University of Manchester (UK) Dr. John G. McGinn

Dr. Troy J. Mueller MITRE Dr. Christopher G. Pernin RAND Dr. Yvette Rodriguez DAU Dr. Dana Stewart DAU Dr. David M. Tate Institute for Defense Analyses Dr. Trevor Taylor Royal United Services Institute (UK) Dr. Marina Theodotou Office of the Secretary of Defense Jerry Vandewiele DAU

George Mason University Dr. Georgella McRae DAU Patrick Morrow DAU Dr. Robert F. Mortlock Naval Postgraduate School

ISSN 2156-8391 (print) and ISSN 2156-8405 (online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.22594/dau.072025-109.32.02

The Defense Acquisition Research Journal , formerly the Defense Acquisition Review Journal , is published quarterly by the DAU Press and is an official publication of the Department of Defense. Postage is paid at the U.S. Postal facility, Fort Belvoir, VA, and at additional U.S. Postal facilities. Postmaster, send address changes to: Editor, Defense Acquisition Research Journal , DAU Press, 9820 Belvoir Road, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-5565. The journal-level DOI is: https://doi.org/10.22594/dauARJ.issn.2156-8391. Some photos appearing in this publication may be digitally enhanced. Photos in this publication may have been sourced from the Department of Defense website (https://www.defense.gov/Multimedia/Photos/). The appearance of the U.S. Department of Defense visual information does not imply or constitute Department of Defense endorsement. Some images may be digitally enhanced. The views expressed in the Defense Acquisition Research Journal are those of the author(s) alone and not of the Department of Defense. Reproduction or reposting of articles from the Defense Acquisition Research Journal should credit the author(s) and the journal.

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