https://www.dau.edu
This approach relies on participant experiences to drive the analysis (Azungah, 2018). A deductive approach uses a priori themes, often called a start list (Miles et al., 2019). If data are structured, or the researchers know the types of themes or categories they want to use to frame it, they can use a deductive approach by fitting data to predetermined themes or categories. Typically, a deductive framework is used when it is believed that certain core concepts are contained within the data (Azungah, 2018). This study used a mixture of both inductive and deductive approaches, which are outlined and described in Figure 5 and subsequent sections.
FIGURE 5. ANALYSIS APPROACH
Understand problem, formulate study, create and conduct survey
Organize survey data
Manual data review & sense-making
Coding & developing a priori list
Open coding
Combining model codes into top-5 list
Manual NVivo data review & synthesis
Code Comparison
Deductive and Inductive data combined to develop high-level themes
COMET-K Framework
Triangulating data to codify existing or discover emergent best practices
Note. Adapted from “Qualitative Research: Deductive and Inductive Approaches to Data Analysis,” by T. Azungah (2018), Qualitative Research Journal, 18 (4), pp. 383–400. https://doi. org/10.1108/QRJ-D-18-00035. COMET-K = Culture, Organization, Motivation, Empowerment, Teamwork–Knowledge. Coding with ChatGPT 4.0 & Claude 3 Opus ChatGPT 4.0 and Claude 3 Opus were selected because these tools can process and analyze extensive datasets. Leveraging two LLMs not only provided a redundant layer of verification and validation of data results but also provided insight into the utility of both tools for qualitative research. Both methods required immense scrutiny when engineering prompts because the study desired consistent inputs and outputs.
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