By implementing several strategies—such as maintaining a timed agenda, starting and ending meetings on time, estab- lishing ground rules, and fostering a safe environment— team productivity was enhanced. For these groups, integrating and applying the Knoster Model into our processes led to signifi- cant positive changes in how we provided devices and services to students who utilize AT and AAC. “When I first started working in this area AAC I remember hearing older therapists talking about “systemic change” and thinking that that had nothing to do with me. But I now know it has everything to do with me.” Jane Farrall of Special Educa- tor, Speech Pathologist and Disability Rights Advocate (June, 2014) Managing the rapid changes in assistive technology AT and AAC is essential for meeting the complex needs of students with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and Section 504 plans. As schools become increasingly diverse, the demand for individualized and customizable AT and AAC devices also rises. Each student’s unique circumstances necessitate a supportive team with a clear vision to achieve desired outcomes while minimizing challenges among team members. This article explores the Knoster Model to assist teams in designing, implementing, and maintaining meaningful change when selecting and implementing AAC and AT programs for students. This process goes beyond focusing solely on the indi- vidual; it is crucial to consider all factors involved. Specifically, let’s examine the context of use—where, when, how, and why the technology will be utilized. Additionally, un- derstanding the various systems that support the individual is essential. System change theory can enhance our practices by minimizing team conflicts and reducing the likelihood of system abandonment. The Knoster Model serves as one frame- work that teams can utilize to facilitate meaningful change ef- fectively. THE KNOSTER MODEL At first glance, understanding the Knoster Model may seem overwhelming due to its numerous components and unfamil- iar vocabulary, particularly in the context of assistive technol- ogy (AT) and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). This section aims to bridge that gap. At the core of the Knoster Model are the Stages of Change: Unfreeze, Change, and Refreeze. Each stage is crucial for ensur- ing that necessary adjustments are made thoughtfully and ef- fectively. 1. **Unfreeze**: This stage focuses on creating awareness and fostering a sense of urgency among team mem-
bers and stakeholders. This can occur when the IEP team notices that a student with communication challenges struggles to engage and participate in class discussions and activities. Through open and safe brainstorming and problem-solving sessions, the team identifies the specific student challenges and recognizes the need for assistive technology to enhance communication. 2. **Change**: In this stage, the team evaluates the situa- tion using tools such as the SETT framework (Student, En- vironment, Task, Tools). For instance, they assess various communication devices and software that align with the students’ strengths and preferences. They might decide to implement a speech-generating device to help the stu- dent express their thoughts more effectively. It is essential to develop a comprehensive plan during this stage, outlin- ing specific activities, methodologies, and communication strategies to facilitate the change. 3. **Refreeze**: The team follows three steps of “Refreeze” when implementing the new device into the student’s life. They establish regular check-ins to monitor the student’s progress and gather feedback from key stakeholders. The goal is to integrate assistive technology seamlessly into the student’s daily routine. Continuous progress monitor- ing ensures that the changes achieve their intended im- pact and allows for necessary adjustments. Understanding how sustained change occurs is crucial for recognizing the overall process that the team follows. This knowledge en- ables the use of the Knoster Model to anticipate and effec- tively address challenges. To achieve successful outcomes, teams apply four key princi- ples: flexibility, adaptation, collaboration, and communication. These principles help shape the plan’s outcome and ensure it accurately reflects the team’s current state while outlining a re- alistic path forward; they keep the team focused on their work and aligned with common ground rules. In addition, let’s examine how the components of the Knoster Model interconnect, which includes six essential ele- ments: vision, consensus, skills, resources, motivation, and ac- tion plan. The four guiding principles steer the plan’s outcome and its understanding. They ensure that the model aligns with the team’s present circumstances while providing a clear direc- tion for the future. Each key element acts as a building block, ensuring that every step of the process is carefully considered. Together, these components enhance team performance and facilitate successful change implementation. For effective change to occur, all elements must be present.
Elements of the Knoster Model
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