Unit 8
Word work: capital letters in titles
Capital letters are used in titles: • for the first word of the title • for the other important words in the title. In Business, The Calm of the Evening
1 Write these titles, putting in the capital letters. 1 the quietest boy at school
4 how to stand up for yourself 5 science experiments to do at home 6 a long way from home
2 how to keep healthy 3 an adventure at sea
Signal words
We use signal or transition words, and phrases, to link parts of the text. They may tell the reader where we are in time: On Monday morning the two boys walked to the front of the class …or where we are in place: From the back of the room, Mrs. Lewis was laughing and clapping. 2 Read these words and phrases. Do they signal time or place? In the meantime In the distance Just then Suddenly From a long way off Finally From behind him A few minutes later Not far away Signal words and phrases can also tell the reader the relationship between things and events: 1 Cause and effect: “ Well, because of your silly behaviour you’ve got to spend the weekend together,” laughed Tara. 2 Compare and contrast: They managed to work together although they didn’t get on.
3 Complete these sentences using a signal word from the box. 1 Stefan has bright ideas, __________ , Carl is good at drawing. 2 They co-operated, _______ , they produced good work. 3 Janine didn’t revise, _______ , she didn’t do well in the test. 4 I enjoyed the party, ___________ we had to leave early.
Signal words Cause and effect:
because of, therefore Compare and contrast: although, whereas
5 We sheltered under the tree __________ the rain. 6 __________ I like music, I can’t play an instrument.
Look in other books to find examples of signal words. They are often used to begin sentences.
• Remind students to use quotation marks when they want to indicate a title in their writing: I enjoyed reading “Anansi and Tiger”.
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